Public Records Act 2005

1: Title
This Act is the Public Records Act 2005.
2: Commencement
This Act comes into force on the day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent.
1: Purpose, other preliminary provisions, and key administrative provisions
1: Purpose and other preliminary provisions
3: Purposes of Act
The purposes of this Act are—
a: to provide for the continuation of the repository of public archives called the National Archives with the name Archives New Zealand (Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga); and
b: to provide for the role of the Chief Archivist in developing and supporting government recordkeeping, including making independent determinations on the disposal of public records and certain local authority archives; and
c: to enable the Government to be held accountable by—
i: ensuring that full and accurate records of the affairs of central and local government are created and maintained; and
ii: providing for the preservation of, and public access to, records of long-term value; and
d: to enhance public confidence in the integrity of public records and local authority records; and
e: to provide an appropriate framework within which public offices and local authorities create and maintain public records and local authority records, as the case may be; and
f: through the systematic creation and preservation of public archives and local authority archives, to enhance the accessibility of records that are relevant to the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand and to New Zealanders’ sense of their national identity; and
g: to encourage the spirit of partnership and goodwill envisaged by the Treaty of Waitangi Te Tiriti o Waitangi section 7
h: to support the safekeeping of private records.
4: Interpretation
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,— academic staff administrative head
a: a public office that is not a public office to which paragraph (b) applies, the person responsible for the performance of that office, for example, a chief executive within the meaning of section 2(1)
b: a public office that involves carrying out a statutory function, the holder of that office, for example, the Registrar-General of Land:
c: a local authority, the person responsible for the performance of the local authority, for example, the chief executive appointed under section 42 approved repository section 26 Archives Council Council section 14 Archives New Zealand section 9 Chief Archivist section 10 chief executive controlling local authority
a: means the local authority that controls the local authority record; and
b: includes any successor to that local authority controlling public office
a: means,—
i: in relation to a public record, the public office that controls the public record:
ii: in relation to a public archive, the public office that has power to determine conditions of access to the public archive; and
b: includes any successor to that public office department discharge register section 19(1)(b) discharged record section 25 disposal
a: the transfer of control of a record; or
b: the sale, alteration, destruction, or discharge of a record electronic estray record
a: means a public record, public archive, or protected record that has been disposed of otherwise than—
i: in accordance with an authorisation of the Chief Archivist under this Act; or
ii: as required by or under another enactment; but
b: does not include a discharged public record local authority
a: has the same meaning as in section 5(1)
b: includes the following organisations defined in section 5(1)
i: a council-controlled organisation:
ii: a council-controlled trading organisation:
iii: a local government organisation local authority archive
a: means a local authority record that—
i: is no longer in current use by the controlling local authority; or
ii: has been in existence for 25 years or more (whether or not in current use); and
b: includes—
i: a protected record; and
ii: a local authority record that the controlling local authority resolves is worth permanent preservation local authority record Minister Minister’s papers open access record
a: a public record—
i: that has been in existence for at least 25 years or has been transferred to the control of the Chief Archivist; and
ii: that is classified as an open access record under section 44(2)
iii: to which public access has not been prohibited under section 49
b: a local authority archive—
i: that is classified as an open access record under section 46(2)
ii: to which public access has not been prohibited under section 49 parliamentary record prescribed record section 38 private record protected record section 40 public access register section 19(1)(d) public archive public office
a: means the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the Government of New Zealand; and
b: means the agencies or instruments of those branches of government; and
c: includes (without limiting the agencies or instruments)—
i: departments as defined in section 5
ia: interdepartmental ventures as defined in section 5
ii: Offices of Parliament as defined in section 2(1)
iii: State enterprises as defined in section 2
iv: Crown entities as defined in section 7(1)
v: the Parliamentary Counsel Office; and
vi: the Parliamentary Service; and
vii: the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives; and
viii: the New Zealand Police; and
ix: the New Zealand Defence Force; and
x:
xa: the Approved Agency under the Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015
xb: the Charter Schools Authorisation Board established under section 212A
xi: any person or class of persons declared by an Order in Council made under section 5(1)(a)(i) public record
a: means a record or a class of records, in any form, in whole or in part, created or received (whether before or after the commencement of this Act) by a public office in the conduct of its affairs; and
b: includes—
i: a record or a class of records declared under section 5(1)(a)(ii)
ii: estray records; but
c: does not include—
i: a special collection; or
ii: records created by the academic staff or students of a tertiary education institution, unless the records have become part of the records of that institution record
a: in written form on any material; or
b: on film, negative, tape, or other medium so as to be capable of being reproduced; or
c: by means of any recording device or process, computer, or other electronic device or process responsible Minister
a: the Minister of the Crown for the time being responsible for the administration of a controlling public office; or
b: in the case of a controlling local authority, the Minister of the Crown for the time being responsible for the administration of the Local Government Act 2002 restricted access record section 44(3) special collection
a: means records collected by a public office for purposes such as research or the preservation of records; but
b: does not include public records standards section 27 Statistician section 6 student tertiary education institution section 7(1)(e) tikanga Māori Section 4 Archives New Zealand substituted 1 February 2011 section 4(1) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 4 chief executive inserted 1 February 2011 section 4(3) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 4 department inserted 1 February 2011 section 4(3) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 4 Minister substituted 1 February 2011 section 4(2) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 4 public office replaced 7 August 2020 section 135 Public Service Act 2020 Section 4 public office inserted 7 August 2020 section 135 Public Service Act 2020 Section 4 public office repealed 28 September 2017 section 335 Intelligence and Security Act 2017 Section 4 public office inserted 21 November 2016 section 28 Harmful Digital Communications Act 2015 Section 4 public office inserted 1 October 2024 section 76 Education and Training Amendment Act 2024 Section 4 Statistician amended 1 September 2022 section 107(1) Data and Statistics Act 2022
5: Variations to application of Act
1: The Governor-General may, by Order in Council made on the recommendation of the Minister,—
a: declare that—
i: a person or body owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Crown, or 1 or more classes of such a person or body, is a public office for the purposes of this Act:
ii: a record or class of records is a public record for the purposes of this Act:
b: vary the requirement for compliance with the matters referred to in subsection (2) in relation to 1 or more—
i: public offices, other than those referred to in subsection (3):
ii: public records:
iii: local authority records.
2: Subsection (1) permits compliance to be varied under this section in respect of—
a: any provision of this Act, except section 17 section 18
b: any regulations made under this Act:
c: any standards.
3: Subsection (1)(b)(i) does not apply to the public offices referred to in paragraph (c)(i) and (v) to (x) of the definition of public office in section 4
4: The Governor-General may, by Order in Council made on the recommendation of the Minister, amend or revoke an Order in Council made under subsection (1).
5: Before making a recommendation under subsection (1) or subsection (4), the Minister must—
a: consult,—
i: in the case of a recommendation made under subsection (1)(a)(i) or subsection (4), with the Minister of the Crown for the time being having responsibility for the person or body or class of person or body that is to be the subject of the recommendation; and
ii: in the case of a recommendation made under subsection (1)(a)(ii) or subsection (4), with the person or class of persons who have possession of the record or class of records; and
iii: in the case of a recommendation made under subsection (1)(b)(i) or (ii) or subsection (4), with the responsible Minister of the controlling public office affected; and
b: in each case, have regard to advice received from the Archives Council.
6: Before making a recommendation in relation to local authority records under subsection (1)(b)(iii) or subsection (4), the Minister must—
a: consult with the Minister of the Crown for the time being responsible for the administration of the Local Government Act 2002
b: have regard to advice received from the Archives Council.
7: This Act continues to apply to a mixed ownership model company (within the meaning of section 45P
8: An order under this section is secondary legislation ( see Part 3 The following table is small in size and has 3 columns that are grouped under the heading Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section. Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section Publication PCO must publish it on the legislation website and notify it in the Gazette LA19 s 69(1)(c) Presentation The Minister must present it to the House of Representatives LA19 s 114 cl 32(1)(a) Disallowance It may be disallowed by the House of Representatives LA19 ss 115 116 This note is not part of the Act. Section 5(7) inserted 30 June 2012 section 11 Public Finance (Mixed Ownership Model) Amendment Act 2012 Section 5(8) inserted 28 October 2021 section 3 Secondary Legislation Act 2021
6: Exclusions from application of Act
This Act does not apply to—
a: ballot papers or voting papers (or any associated electoral materials) sent to the Clerk of the House of Representatives under—
i: section 187
ii: section 50
b: voting documents and specified materials received by Registrars of the District Court section 89(2) Section 6(b) amended 1 March 2017 section 261 District Court Act 2016
7: Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi)
In order to recognise and respect the Crown’s responsibility to take appropriate account of the Treaty of Waitangi Te Tiriti o Waitangi
a: section 11
b: section 14
c: section 15
d: section 26
8: Act binds the Crown
This Act binds the Crown.
2: Key administrative provisions
Archives New Zealand (Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga)
9: Continuation of Archives New Zealand
1: The repository called the National Archives that was established by section 5 of the Archives Act 1957 is continued with the name Archives New Zealand (Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga).
2: Section 9(2) repealed 1 February 2011 section 5 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Chief Archivist
10: Chief Archivist
1: There is an office of the Chief Archivist.
2: The Chief Archivist is the person for the time being appointed to that office by the chief executive under the Public Service Act 2020
3: Section 10(2) substituted 1 February 2011 section 6 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 10(2) amended 7 August 2020 section 135 Public Service Act 2020 Section 10(3) repealed 1 February 2011 section 6 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
11: Functions and duties of Chief Archivist
1: The functions of the Chief Archivist, in achieving the purposes of this Act, are—
a: to exercise a leadership role in recordkeeping in public offices and in the management of public archives in New Zealand; and
b: in relation to public records,—
i: to authorise the disposal of public records; and
ii: to issue standards in accordance with section 27
iii: to review, amend, or revoke those standards; and
iv: to issue instructions in accordance with this Act; and
v: to provide advice, or to issue guidelines, on the procedures or best practice for the creation, maintenance, or efficient management of public records and to review, amend, or revoke the advice or guidelines; and
vi: to monitor and report on the compliance of public offices with this Act; and
vii: to provide protocols and processes for deferring the transfer of public records under section 22
viii: to issue criteria for the independent auditing of public offices under section 33
c: in relation to public archives,—
i: to control and administer public archives; and
ii: to ensure the preservation of public archives; and
iii: to facilitate public access to, and promote the use of, public archives; and
d: in relation to local authority records,—
i: to protect certain local authority records for the purposes of this Act and to control the disposal of those records; and
ii: to issue standards relating to the creation, maintenance, control, management, or appraisal for disposal of, or access to, local authority records, and to review, amend, or revoke those standards; and
iii: to provide advice, or to issue guidelines, on the procedures or best practice for the creation, maintenance, or management of local authority records, and to review, amend, or revoke the advice or guidelines; and
iv: to monitor, and if necessary report on, the compliance of local authorities with this Act; and
e: to provide advice to Ministers or other persons concerning the creation or maintenance of Ministers’ papers or private records; and
f: to keep registers in accordance with the requirements of this Act; and
g: to exercise a leadership role in facilitating and co-ordinating archival activities in New Zealand; and
h: to perform any other functions or duties prescribed by or under this Act.
2: In addition, the Chief Archivist may provide services relating to public records or local authority records (including, without limitation, storage services, or training services on the management of public records or local authority records) for a fee as agreed by the Chief Archivist and the relevant administrative head of the public office or local authority.
3: For the purposes of performing any of the Chief Archivist’s functions referred to in subsection (1), the Chief Archivist must ensure that processes are in place for consulting with Māori.
12: Chief Archivist to act independently
In relation to the performance of his or her functions and duties and to the exercise of his or her powers under sections 11(1)(b) and (d) 20(1) 30
a: must act independently in exercising his or her professional judgement; and
b: is not subject to direction from either the Minister or the chief executive. Section 12 substituted 1 February 2011 section 7 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
13: Delegations by Chief Archivist
1: The Chief Archivist may, either generally or particularly, delegate to an employee in the department
a: the power to authorise the disposal of—
i: public records; or
ii: protected records; and
b: the power to delegate.
2: A delegation—
a: must be in writing; and
b: may be made subject to any restrictions and conditions the Chief Archivist thinks fit; and
c: is revocable at any time, in writing; and
d: does not prevent the performance or exercise of a function, duty, or power by the Chief Archivist.
3: A person to whom any functions, duties, or powers are delegated may perform and exercise them in the same manner and with the same effect as if they had been conferred directly by this Act and not by delegation.
4: A person who appears to act under a delegation is presumed to be acting in accordance with its terms in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Section 13(1) amended 1 February 2011 section 8 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Archives Council
14: Archives Council established
1: There is an unincorporated body called the Archives Council.
2: The Archives Council must consist of not more than 7 members appointed by the Minister by notice in the Gazette
3: The Minister must, after consultation with the Minister of Māori Affairs and the Chief Archivist, appoint to the Archives Council persons who, in the opinion of the Minister,—
a: have special knowledge and qualifications that are relevant to the functions of the Archives Council; and
b: in the case of at least 2 persons, also have a knowledge of tikanga Māori.
4: A Council member—
a: holds office for a term not exceeding 3 years, as specified by the Minister in the notice of appointment; and
b: may be reappointed; and
c: continues in office (unless the member resigns or is removed from office), despite the expiry of his or her term of office, until—
i: the member is reappointed; or
ii: the member’s successor is appointed; or
iii: the date specified in writing by the Minister for the end of the member’s term of office.
5: The Minister may, at any time and for any reason that, in the Minister’s opinion, justifies the removal, remove a Council member from office by written notice to the member.
15: Function of Archives Council
1: The function of the Archives Council is to provide to the Minister, on the request of the Minister or on its own initiative,—
a: advice concerning recordkeeping and archive matters including (without limitation)—
i: recordkeeping and archive matters in which tikanga Māori is relevant:
ii: the Orders in Council that may be made under section 5
iii: authorisations to dispose of public records under section 20(3)
iv: the approval of repositories under section 26
v: appropriate criteria for the independent audit of the recordkeeping practices of the Chief Archivist section 34
b: recommendations under section 55
2: For the purpose of performing its functions under this Act, the Council has full powers, rights, and privileges.
3: The Council must report to the Minister each year on the performance of its functions during the preceding year.
4: The Minister must, as soon as practicable after receiving a report under subsection (3), present the report to the House of Representatives. Section 15(1)(a)(v) amended 1 February 2011 section 9 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
16: Administrative matters
1: The Archives Council may regulate its own procedure.
2: The department
3: The members of the Council are entitled to be paid, out of money appropriated by Parliament for the purpose,—
a: fees determined by the Minister in accordance with government policy; and
b: reimbursing allowances or actual and reasonable expenses incurred in undertaking the functions of the Council. Section 16(2) amended 1 February 2011 section 10 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
2: Recordkeeping requirements
1: Key duties
17: Requirement to create and maintain records
1: Every public office and local authority must create and maintain full and accurate records of its affairs, in accordance with normal, prudent business practice, including the records of any matter that is contracted out to an independent contractor.
2: Every public office must maintain in an accessible form, so as to be able to be used for subsequent reference, all public records that are in its control, until their disposal is authorised by or under this Act or required by or under another Act.
3: Every local authority must maintain in an accessible form, so as to be able to be used for subsequent reference, all protected records that are in its control, until their disposal is authorised by or under this Act.
18: Authority required to dispose of public records and protected records
1: No person may dispose of, or authorise the disposal of, public records or protected records except with the authority of the Chief Archivist, given in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
2: Subsection (1) does not apply if the disposal of a public record or a protected record is required by or under another Act.
2: Control of public records
Registers
19: Registers
1: The Chief Archivist must keep the following registers:
a: a register of all transfers deferred under section 22
b: a register of public records discharged under section 25
c: a register of all records prescribed under section 38
d: a public access register that contains information on—
i: restrictions on public access to public records imposed under section 44(3)
ii: prohibitions imposed under section 49
iii: the grounds for the prohibitions and restrictions recorded under this paragraph; and
iv: the conditions agreed to under section 40(4)(a)
2: The Chief Archivist must make the registers available for public inspection Section 19(2) amended 1 February 2011 section 11 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Disposal
20: Authority to dispose of public records
1: The Chief Archivist may authorise in writing, in accordance with the purposes of this Act, the disposal of a public record (other than those referred to in subsection (3)) by—
a: transferring control of the public record to another public office; or
b: transferring control of the public record to the Chief Archivist; or
c: altering or destroying the public record; or
d: selling the public record; or
e: discharging the public record.
2: Before authorising a disposal under subsection (1), the Chief Archivist must give not less than 30 days’ notice, in the manner the Chief Archivist considers appropriate, of—
a: the intention to dispose of the public record, with a general description of the public record concerned; and
b: the place where additional information may be obtained on the public record concerned and the person to whom any comments may be sent.
3: The Chief Archivist must not, without the Minister’s written authorisation, dispose of a public record created or received by the Chief Archivist in relation to his or her functions, duties, and powers under this Act section 21 section 23
4: The Minister may, on the advice of the Archives Council given on the recommendation of the Chief Archivist, authorise in writing the disposal of a public record referred to in subsection (3) Section 20(3) amended 1 February 2011 section 12(1) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 20(4) amended 1 February 2011 section 12(2) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Transfer
21: Mandatory transfer of public records
1: Every public office must transfer from its possession and control public records that have been in existence for 25 years—
a: to the possession of Archives New Zealand and the control of the Chief Archivist; or
b: to the possession of an approved repository and the control of the Chief Archivist.
2: Subsection (1) applies unless—
a: the public records are to be destroyed in accordance with the provisions of this Act or are required to be destroyed by or under another Act; or
b: the administrative head of the controlling public office and the Chief Archivist agree in writing that the public records may be transferred, before the expiry of the 25-year period, to—
i: the possession of Archives New Zealand and the control of the Chief Archivist; or
ii: the possession of an approved repository and the control of the Chief Archivist; or
c: the transfer of the public records is to be deferred under section 22 Deferral of transfer
22: Deferred transfer of public records
1: The requirement to transfer public records under section 21(1)
a:
b: if the administrative head of the controlling public office and the Chief Archivist have agreed in writing that the transfer of the public records may be deferred for a specified period on any conditions that the administrative head and the Chief Archivist consider appropriate; or
c: to public records that are in electronic form, if the Chief Archivist instructs the controlling public office in writing to continue to maintain and control those records after the expiry of the 25-year period; or
d: if a responsible Minister, after consultation with the Minister, certifies that—
i: 1 or more of the circumstances referred to in subsection (6) applies in respect of a public record; and
ii: the transfer of the public record may be deferred for a specified period.
2:
3:
4: An agreement entered into under subsection (1)(b) may be renewed for further specified periods by agreement between the administrative head of the controlling public office and the Chief Archivist.
5: An instruction issued under subsection (1)(c)—
a: must identify the public records to which the instruction relates; and
b: must direct the department
c: may contain conditions relating to the preservation and use of the public records concerned; and
d: may specify a date for the transfer of the records to the control of the Chief Archivist.
6: Subsection (1)(d) applies only if a public record contains information the release of which would be likely to—
a: prejudice the security or defence of New Zealand or the international relations of the Government of New Zealand; or
b: prejudice the entrusting of information to the Government of New Zealand on a basis of confidence by—
i: the government of another country or an agency of such a government; or
ii: an international organisation; or
c: prejudice the maintenance of the law, including the prevention, investigation, and detection of offences, and the right to a fair trial; or
d: endanger the safety of any person.
7: A deferral permitted under subsection (1)(d) may be renewed by the responsible Minister, after consultation with the Minister.
8: Every transfer deferred under this section must be noted in the register of deferred transfers, in accordance with section 19(1)(a) Section 22(1)(a) repealed 1 September 2022 section 107(1) Data and Statistics Act 2022 Section 22(2) repealed 1 September 2022 section 107(1) Data and Statistics Act 2022 Section 22(3) repealed 1 September 2022 section 107(1) Data and Statistics Act 2022 Section 22(5)(b) amended 1 February 2011 section 13 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
23: Transfer of public records
1: If a controlling public office ceases to exist as a public office, or ceases to exercise a function to which its public records relate, its public records may be transferred to—
a: the public office that has taken over the responsibilities of the controlling public office for those public records; or
b: if paragraph (a) does not apply, the public office designated by the Chief Archivist as the public office responsible for those public records.
2: A public office that takes over responsibilities under subsection (1)(a) must give notice to the Chief Archivist of the transfer of the public records not later than 3 months after the transfer has taken place.
3: Subsection (1) applies, with the necessary modifications, to local authority records.
24: Temporary return of public archives to controlling public office
If the administrative head of a controlling public office satisfies the Chief Archivist that the public archive is required for administrative use, the Chief Archivist—
a: must return the public archive to the possession of that public office for an agreed period of time; and
b: may impose conditions to ensure the safe custody and preservation of the public archive during the time that it is in the possession of the public office. Discharge
25: Discharge of public records
1: The Chief Archivist may authorise in writing the discharge of a public record only if—
a: the Chief Archivist considers that the public record is suitable to be discharged; and
b: the public record is an open access record that is not in current use; and
c: the release of the public record is consistent with the principles of the Privacy Act 2020
d: the public record is not subject to a request under the Official Information Act 1982
e: the administrative head of the controlling public office agrees to the public record being discharged; and
f: the person to whom the public record is to be discharged is not a Minister of the Crown, the Chief Archivist, an employee in the department
2: The Chief Archivist may authorise in writing the discharge of a class of public records that contains information about identified persons only if—
a: the Chief Archivist considers that the class of public records is suitable to be discharged; and
b: the administrative head of the controlling public office agrees to the class of public records being discharged; and
c: the Chief Archivist and the administrative head have entered into an agreement for the discharge of the class of public records on a record by record basis; and
d: there are appropriate procedures to ensure that a record is discharged only to the person who is the subject of the information, or to the duly authorised agent of that person; and
e: the discharge of the class of records is consistent with the principles of the Privacy Act 2020
3: A public record that is discharged—
a: becomes the property of the person to whom it is discharged; and
b: ceases to have status as a public record or to be subject to this Act.
4: A public record discharged under this section must be noted in the discharge register, in accordance with section 19(1)(b) Section 25(1)(c) amended 1 December 2020 section 217 Privacy Act 2020 Section 25(1)(f) amended 1 February 2011 section 14 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 25(2)(e) amended 1 December 2020 section 217 Privacy Act 2020 Approved repositories
26: Approval of repositories
1: The Minister may, on the advice of the Archives Council, given on the recommendation of the Chief Archivist,—
a: approve a relevant body (such as a museum, a library, another archive, or an iwi-based or hapu-based repository) as an approved repository where public archives may be deposited for safekeeping:
b: amend or revoke that approval.
2: The Chief Archivist may,—
a: at any time after giving reasonable notice, inspect an approved repository:
b: with the agreement of the administrative head of the controlling public office and the consent of the approved repository, deposit public archives in an approved repository:
c: impose standards or conditions on, or issue instructions to, an approved repository for the purpose of ensuring that—
i: the Crown’s interests in the public archives are preserved:
ii: the public archives are properly maintained:
iii: appropriate public access to the public archives is maintained:
d: direct an approved repository to transfer public archives to the possession of Archives New Zealand, another approved repository, or the controlling public office.
3: Standards, inspection, reporting, and audit
27: Standards
1: The Chief Archivist—
a: may issue standards in relation to public records or local authority records for—
i: their creation, maintenance, or management:
ii: their appraisal for disposal:
iii: the provision of access to them; and
b: may review, amend, or revoke any standards referred to in paragraph (a); and
c: must state, in relation to each standard,—
i: the public office, class of public office, approved repository, or local authority to which the standard applies; and
ii: whether compliance is mandatory or discretionary.
2: Before issuing a mandatory standard, the Chief Archivist must make a copy of the draft standard available to, and have a process in place for consulting with, every public office, approved repository, local authority, or other person to which the Chief Archivist considers that the proposed standard will apply, and to any other interested person.
3: The Chief Archivist must ensure that every standard issued under this section that is not secondary legislation
4: The following are secondary legislation ( see Part 3
a: mandatory standards under this section, unless they apply only to 1 or more named persons:
b: an amendment to, or a revocation of, mandatory standards that are secondary legislation. The following table is small in size and has 3 columns that are grouped under the heading Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section. Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section Publication It must be published in a manner that the Chief Archivist considers appropriate LA19 ss 73 74(1)(a) cl 14 Presentation It is not required to be presented to the House of Representatives because a transitional exemption applies under Schedule 1 LA19 s 114 cl 32(1)(a) Disallowance It may be disallowed by the House of Representatives LA19 ss 115 116 This note is not part of the Act. Section 27(3) amended 28 October 2021 section 3 Secondary Legislation Act 2021 Section 27(4) inserted 28 October 2021 section 3 Secondary Legislation Act 2021
28: Application and content of standards
Standards issued by the Chief Archivist may include (without limitation) all or any of the following matters:
a: the particular public record or particular local authority record to which they apply:
b: the procedures or practices that must be followed, or outcomes that must be achieved, in relation to the creation, maintenance, or management of public records or local authority records:
c: a standard against which the quality of recordkeeping practice may be judged:
d: the minimum standard of recordkeeping practice that will be allowed.
29: Inspection powers
1: The Chief Archivist may, after giving reasonable notice to a public office or local authority, inspect the public records or local authority records and local authority archives, as the case may be, that are in the possession or under the control of that public office or local authority.
2: Subsection (1)—
a: permits the Chief Archivist to view the system of a public office or local authority for maintaining its public records or local authority records and local authority archives, as the case may be, and the conditions for their storage; but
b: does not permit the Chief Archivist to inspect public records or local authority records and local authority archives that carry security classifications or are restricted by other legislation without the consent of the administrative head of the controlling public office or controlling local authority, as the case may be.
3: In this section, security classifications
30: Exemptions
1: The Chief Archivist may, on such terms and conditions (if any) that the Chief Archivist thinks appropriate, exempt a public office or a local authority that has requested the exemption from compliance with a standard or instruction issued by the Chief Archivist.
2: The administrative head of the public office or local authority in respect of which a decision is taken under subsection (1) may appeal against the decision under section 51
31: Direction to report to Chief Archivist
The Chief Archivist may give notice in writing directing the administrative head of a public office or of an approved repository to report to the Chief Archivist or to any other person specified by the Chief Archivist on—
a: any specified aspect of its recordkeeping practice:
b: the public records that it controls or (in the case of an approved repository) has possession of.
32: Annual report on recordkeeping
1: The Chief Archivist must make an annual report to the Minister on the state of recordkeeping within public offices.
2:
3: The Minister must present the report of the Chief Archivist to the House of Representatives. Section 32(2) repealed 7 August 2020 section 135 Public Service Act 2020
33: Independent audits of public offices
1: As soon as is reasonably practicable after the date that is 5 years from the commencement of this Act, an independent audit of recordkeeping practices must be carried out in every public office.
2: The Chief Archivist must commission and meet the costs of each audit, which must—
a: cover the aspects of recordkeeping practices specified for the purpose of the audit by the Chief Archivist; and
b: be based on criteria developed by the Chief Archivist.
3: Further audits must be conducted at intervals of not less than 5 years and not more than 10 years after the date of the previous audit (but it is not necessary to conduct an audit of all public offices in the same year).
34: Audit of
recordkeeping practices of Chief Archivist
1: The Minister must commission an independent audit of the recordkeeping practices of the Chief Archivist
a: as soon as is reasonably practicable after the date that is 5 years from the commencement of this Act; and
b: at intervals of not less than 5 years and not more than 10 years after the date of the previous audit.
2: An audit commissioned under subsection (1) must—
a: cover the aspects of recordkeeping practices specified for the purpose of the audit by the Minister; and
b: be based on criteria specified by the Minister on the advice of the Archives Council. Section 34 heading amended 1 February 2011 section 15(1) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 34(1) amended 1 February 2011 section 15(2) Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010
35: Audit reports
As soon as is reasonably practicable after the end of the financial year in which an audit has been conducted—
a: the Chief Archivist must prepare a report to the Minister on the audits conducted under section 33
b: the Minister must prepare a report on the audit conducted under section 34
c: in each case, the Minister must present the report to the House of Representatives.
4: Estray records, prescribed records, protected records, Ministers’ papers, and private records
Estray records
36: Inspection of estray records
1: The Chief Archivist may inspect an estray record by giving written direction to the person in possession of the estray record to produce it for inspection by the Chief Archivist at the time and place specified by the Chief Archivist.
2: The time and place specified under subsection (1) must be reasonable in the circumstances.
3: A person who receives a direction under subsection (1) must comply with the direction and, if necessary, assist the Chief Archivist to enter any premises occupied by the person for the purpose of inspecting the estray record.
37: Other requirements for estray records
1: The Chief Archivist may, by notice in writing, direct a person in possession of an estray record to do any of the following:
a: to manage the estray record in accordance with any standards or instructions issued by the Chief Archivist:
b: to make the estray record available for public access or for copying:
c: to transfer the estray record to the control of the Chief Archivist or of the controlling public office within the time specified in the notice:
d: in the case of an estray record that is a protected record, to transfer it to the control of the Chief Archivist or the controlling local authority.
2: A person who receives a notice must comply with that notice. Prescribed records
38: Prescribed records
1: The Minister may, for the purposes of this Act, by notice in the Gazette
2: Subsection (1) does not apply if the record is—
a: a public record under the control of the controlling public office; or
b: a public archive under the control of the Chief Archivist; or
c: a local authority record, or a local authority archive, under the control of the controlling local authority.
3: A notice must describe the record or class of records to which the notice applies.
4: A person who possesses a prescribed record—
a: may transfer the prescribed record to the possession of Archives New Zealand, an approved repository, a public office, or a local authority as directed by the Chief Archivist:
b: must not transfer the prescribed record to any other person unless that person—
i: has first given the Chief Archivist the opportunity to purchase the prescribed record on behalf of the Crown; and
ii: before transferring the prescribed record to another person, has informed that other person that the record is a prescribed record.
5: The Chief Archivist must note the status of a prescribed record in the register of prescribed records, in accordance with section 19(1)(c)
6: The Chief Archivist must—
a: give written notice to the holder of a prescribed record if the status of the record as a prescribed record is revoked; and
b: record the change of status in the register of prescribed records.
39: Acquisition of prescribed records
The Chief Archivist may—
a: direct that a prescribed record be copied for, and at the expense of, the Chief Archivist:
b: acquire a prescribed record, whether or not with compensation, on the conditions agreed by the Chief Archivist and the person who has the custody, management, control, or ownership of the prescribed record. Protected records of local authorities
40: Protected records of local authorities
1: The Chief Archivist may, by notice in the Gazette
2: A local authority must provide for the adequate protection and preservation of a protected record it holds, in accordance with any applicable standards or instructions issued by the Chief Archivist.
3: A local authority must not dispose of a protected record unless the administrative head of the local authority has—
a: given written notice to the Chief Archivist of his or her intention to dispose of the protected record; and
b: identified the protected record concerned; and
c: specified how he or she intends to dispose of the protected record.
4: Not later than 3 months after receiving written notice under subsection (3), the Chief Archivist must—
a: direct the local authority in writing to transfer the protected record to the control of the Chief Archivist, subject to conditions (if any) agreed by the administrative head of the local authority and the Chief Archivist; or
b: authorise the disposal of the protected record identified under subsection (3)(b).
41: Transitional provision
Despite section 66(b) Part 17 section 40 Gazette section 256 Parliamentary records, Ministers’ papers, private records, and other records
42: Chief Archivist may accept parliamentary records, Ministers’ papers, and private and other records
1: The Chief Archivist may accept for deposit in Archives New Zealand—
a: parliamentary records:
b: Ministers’ papers:
c: private records that complement the public archives and that—
i: record significant historical events; or
ii: relate to an existing or former public office or organisation connected with government in New Zealand; or
iii: relate to persons who are or have been significant in any aspect of New Zealand history, politics, or culture:
d: records referred to in section 3(a) to (d) of the Archives Act 1957 that were made or received by a government office before the commencement of this Act.
2: Parliamentary records deposited under subsection (1)(a) may be subject to conditions agreed to in writing between the Chief Archivist and the Clerk of the House.
3: Papers and records deposited under subsection (1)(b) or (c)—
a: remain under the care of the Chief Archivist; and
b: unless the Minister or the person depositing the papers or records otherwise agrees in writing, remain in the ownership and control of the Minister or that person; and
c: may be subject to conditions agreed to in writing by the Minister or the person depositing the papers or records and the Chief Archivist, including conditions relating to—
i: public access to the papers or records:
ii: custody and control of the papers or records:
iii: publication, acknowledgement, and copying of the papers or records:
iv: future ownership of the papers or records.
4: Papers and records referred to in subsection (1) are not subject to the Official Information Act 1982
5: Records deposited under subsection (1)(d) remain—
a: under the control of the controlling public office; and
b: subject to the Archives Act 1957 as if that Act continued to apply to them.
6: The Crown and its agents, including the Chief Archivist, must comply with any conditions to which the deposit of papers or records referred to in subsection (1) is subject.
3: Public access
Determination of access status as open or restricted
43: Requirement to classify access status
1: When public records have been in existence for 25 years or are about to be transferred to the control of the Chief Archivist under section 21 section 44
a: open access records; or
b: restricted access records.
2: The administrative head of a controlling public office may, at any time, change the classification of a public record, in accordance with section 44
44: Basis for determining access status
1: In classifying the access status of a public record under section 43
a: there are good reasons to restrict public access to the public record, having regard to any relevant standard or advice issued by the Chief Archivist; or
b: another enactment requires the public record to be withheld from public access.
2: If there are no good reasons to restrict public access under subsection (1)(a), or if no enactment requires a public record to be withheld from public access, the administrative head of the controlling public office must classify the record as an open access record.
3: If there are good reasons for restricting public access under subsection (1)(a), or if another enactment requires a public record to be withheld from public access, the administrative head of the controlling public office must, in consultation with the Chief Archivist,—
a: determine whether it is necessary—
i: to restrict public access to the public record for a specified period of time; or
ii: to permit public access on conditions; and
b: if paragraph (a)(ii) applies, determine the conditions appropriate for public access.
4: The administrative head of a controlling public office may at any time, in consultation with the Chief Archivist, vary or withdraw a condition imposed under subsection (3)(b).
5: A public record subject to a restriction under subsection (3)(a)(i) becomes an open access record on the withdrawal of the restriction.
6: The department
7: A restriction on public access to a public record must be noted in the public access register, in accordance with section 19(1)(d)
8: Every controlling public office is responsible for dealing with requests for official information under the Official Information Act 1982 Privacy Act 2020 Section 44(6) amended 1 February 2011 section 16 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Section 44(8) amended 1 December 2020 section 217 Privacy Act 2020 Access status of local authority records
45: Requirement to classify access status of local authority records
1: When a local authority record becomes a local authority archive, the administrative head of the controlling local authority must, in accordance with section 46
a: an open access record; or
b: a restricted access record.
2: The administrative head of a controlling local authority may, at any time, change the classification of a local authority record in accordance with section 46
46: Basis for determining access status of local authority records
1: In classifying the access status of a local authority record under section 45
a: there are good reasons to restrict public access to the local authority record, having regard to any relevant standard or advice issued by the Chief Archivist; or
b: another enactment requires the local authority record to be withheld from public access.
2: If there are no good reasons to restrict public access under subsection (1)(a), or if no enactment requires a local authority record to be withheld from public access, the administrative head of the controlling local authority
3: However, if there are good reasons to restrict public access under subsection (1)(a), or if another enactment requires a local authority record to be withheld from public access, the administrative head of the controlling local authority must, having regard to any relevant standard or advice issued by the Chief Archivist,—
a: determine whether it is necessary—
i: to restrict public access to the local authority record for a specified period of time (which must not be for a period greater than 25 years); or
ii: to permit public access on conditions; and
b: if paragraph (a)(ii) applies, determine the conditions appropriate for public access.
4: Despite subsection (3)(a)(i), the administrative head of the controlling local authority may, if there is good reason to do so, restrict public access to the local authority record for 1 or more further specified periods not exceeding 25 years for each further period.
5: At any time, the administrative head of the controlling local authority, having regard to any relevant standard or advice issued by the Chief Archivist, may vary or withdraw a condition imposed under subsection (3)(b).
6: A local authority record subject to a restriction under subsection (3)(a)(i) becomes an open access record on the withdrawal of the restriction. Section 46(2) amended 7 July 2010 section 4 Public Records Amendment Act 2010 Open access records
47: Public inspection of open access records
Unless this Act provides otherwise, an open access record must be made available for inspection by members of the public free of charge as soon as is reasonably practicable after a request to inspect the record is made to the public office, the local authority, the approved repository, or Archives New Zealand, whichever has possession of the open access record.
48: Publication or copying of public archives
The Chief Archivist may give written authority, on any conditions that the Chief Archivist thinks appropriate, for the publication or copying of a public archive that is an open access record.
49: Prohibition on public access or copying
1: The Chief Archivist may prohibit the public from accessing or copying a public archive or protected record in his or her control for any period that he or she thinks necessary—
a: in the interest of preserving the public archive or protected record; or
b: pending the classification, repair, or other treatment of the public archive or protected record.
2: A prohibition on public access must be noted in the public access register, in accordance with section 19(1)(d)
3: The administrative head of a local authority may prohibit the public from accessing or copying a local authority archive for any period that he or she thinks necessary—
a: in the interest of preserving the local authority archive; or
b: pending the classification, repair, or other treatment of the local authority archive. Restricted access records
50: Period for which restricted access may apply
The period of time for which public access to a public record may be restricted under section 44(3)(a)(i)
a: on the written request of the Chief Archivist, be reviewed after the expiry of 10 years from the date that the restriction is recorded in the public access register; and
b: before its expiry, be extended for further periods as specified by the administrative head of the controlling public office.
4: Appeal process and miscellaneous provisions
1: Appeal process
51: Appeal to Minister by public office or by local authority
1: The administrative head of a controlling public office may appeal to the Minister against a decision of the Chief Archivist—
a: declining a request to defer the transfer of a public record under section 22(1)(b)
b: instructing a public office under section 22(1)(c)
c: declining a request for an exemption under section 30
2: The administrative head of a controlling local authority may appeal to the Minister against a decision of the Chief Archivist to decline a request for an exemption under section 30
3: Sections 52 53(3) 54 to 56
52: Commencement of appeal
1: An appeal under section 51(1)
2: The notice of appeal must include—
a: full details of the decision that is the subject of the appeal; and
b: the reasons for the appeal.
53: Effect of appeal
1: Subsections (2) and (3) apply—
a: between the time when the Chief Archivist makes a decision that is subject to a right of appeal and the expiry of the time for lodging an appeal; or
b: if an appeal is lodged, between the time when the decision is made and the time when the appeal is determined by the Minister and notified under section 56(3)
2: During the period of time referred to in subsection (1)(a) or (b), as the case may be,—
a: the Chief Archivist must not issue an instruction or take further action in respect of the matter to which the appeal relates:
b: in the case of an appeal under section 51(1)(a)
c: in the case of an appeal under section 51(1)(b)
d: in the case of an appeal under section 51(1)(c)
3: If a local authority appeals under section 51(2)
a: the Chief Archivist must not issue an instruction or take further action in respect of the matter to which the appeal relates; and
b: the local authority must continue to comply with the standard or instruction from which an exemption has been requested.
54: Process of appeal
As soon as is reasonably practicable after receiving a notice of appeal under section 52
a: notify the Archives Council and the Chief Archivist that an appeal has been lodged; and
b: provide copies of all relevant documentation received from the controlling public office to—
i: the Archives Council; and
ii: the Chief Archivist.
55: Recommendation of Archives Council
As soon as is reasonably practicable after receiving notification under section 54
a: consider the appeal and the reasons submitted for the appeal; and
b: make a recommendation to the Minister to allow or disallow the appeal, in whole or in part; and
c: state the reasons for its recommendation.
56: Decision of Minister
1: The Minister may allow or disallow the appeal, in whole or in part.
2: Before the Minister makes a decision under subsection (1), the Minister must—
a: consult with the responsible Minister of the controlling public office that has lodged the appeal; and
b: have regard to the recommendations of the Archives Council.
3: The Minister must—
a: give written notice of the decision, with reasons, to—
i: the administrative head of the controlling public office; and
ii: the Chief Archivist; and
iii: the Archives Council; and
b: give public notice of the decision by notice in the Gazette
4: The decision of the Minister is final and binds the Chief Archivist and the controlling public office.
2: Miscellaneous provisions
57: Application of Copyright Act 1994
This Act does not limit the Copyright Act 1994
58: Application of Official Information Act 1982
To avoid doubt, public records transferred under this Act to the possession of Archives New Zealand or an approved repository are not subject to the Official Information Act 1982
59: Charges for services
1: The Chief Archivist may charge for research, copying, or other services provided in relation to a request for access to a public archive.
2: Charges made under subsection (1) must be reasonable, having regard to the labour and materials involved in undertaking the service.
60: Protection of names
1: No person may, except with the consent of the Governor-General in Council, be incorporated or registered under another enactment or in another manner under the following names:
a: Archives New Zealand (Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga):
b: Archives New Zealand:
c: Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga:
d: National Archives:
e: Te Whare Tohu Tuhituhinga o Aotearoa:
f: another name that so resembles the names in any of paragraphs (a) to (e) as to be likely to mislead a person.
2: No person other than the department
a: under a name specified in subsection (1); or
b: under a name that so resembles a name specified in that subsection as to be likely to mislead a person. Section 60(2) amended 1 February 2011 section 17 Public Records Amendment Act (No 2) 2010 Offences and penalties
61: Offences
Every person commits an offence who wilfully or negligently—
a: damages a public record; or
b: disposes of or destroys a public record otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act; or
c: contravenes or fails to comply with any provision of this Act or any regulations made under it.
62: Penalties
1: Every person who commits an offence against section 61
a: in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding $5,000:
b: in every other case, to a fine not exceeding $10,000.
2: A person convicted of an offence against section 61 Regulation-making power
63: Regulations
1: The Governor-General may, by Order in Council, make regulations for all or any of the following purposes:
a: regulating the transfer of public records from any public office to Archives New Zealand or to an approved repository:
b: regulating the manner of destruction or other disposal of public records:
c: regulating the admission of the public to Archives New Zealand and the use by the public of public archives deposited in Archives New Zealand:
d: providing for the custody and preservation of Ministers’ papers and private records deposited in Archives New Zealand, and prescribing the fees (if any) to be charged for that custody and preservation:
e: prescribing forms for the purposes of this Act:
f: providing for matters that are contemplated by this Act or are necessary for its administration or for giving it full effect.
2: Regulations under this section are secondary legislation ( see Part 3 The following table is small in size and has 3 columns that are grouped under the heading Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section. Legislation Act 2019 requirements for secondary legislation made under this section Publication PCO must publish it on the legislation website and notify it in the Gazette LA19 s 69(1)(c) Presentation The Minister must present it to the House of Representatives LA19 s 114 cl 32(1)(a) Disallowance It may be disallowed by the House of Representatives LA19 ss 115 116 This note is not part of the Act. Section 63(2) inserted 28 October 2021 section 3 Secondary Legislation Act 2021 Savings and transitional provisions
64: Savings
1: Despite section 66(a)
2: The matters to which subsection (1) applies are—
a: a certificate issued under section 8(2)(c) of the Archives Act 1957, until whichever is the sooner of—
i: the expiry of the period of deferral directed by the Minister; or
ii: a transfer made under section 21(1)
iii: an agreement made under section 22(1)(b)
b: in the case of a public archive in the possession of Archives New Zealand, conditions imposed under section 14 of the Archives Act 1957, for the period (if any) stated in the conditions; and
c: an authorisation given under section 21 of the Archives Act 1957, until whichever is the sooner of—
i: the completion of the authorised publication; or
ii: the expiry of the authorisation.
3: This Act does not apply to public records referred to in section 3(a) to (d) of the Archives Act 1957 and made or received by the relevant Government office before the commencement of this Act.
4: However, section 42(1)(d)
65: Transitional provisions
1: Despite section 66(a)
2: The agreements and other matters to which subsection (1) applies are—
a: an agreement made under section 8(2)(a) or (b) of the Archives Act 1957, for the term of the agreement, as if it were made under section 22(1)(b)
b: an agreement made under section 11 of the Archives Act 1957, for the term of the agreement, as if it were made under section 42(3)(c)
c: an agreement made under section 13 of the Archives Act 1957, as if it were made under section 24
d: a certificate of authority given under section 16(6) of the Archives Act 1957—
i: as if it authorised the disposal of public records; and
ii: as if it were given under section 20(1)(c)
iii: until the authorised disposals are completed:
e: an approval given or deposit made under section 19(1) of the Archives Act 1957, as if the approval were given and the deposit made under section 26
f: a deposit made by the Registrar of Deeds under section 19(2) of the Archives Act 1957, as if consent were given under section 26
g: in the case of a public archive in the possession of Archives New Zealand, restrictions on inspection imposed under section 20(1)(b), (c), or (ca) of the Archives Act 1957, as if the public archive had been classified under section 43(1)(b) section 44(3)
h: in the case of a public archive in the possession of Archives New Zealand, conditions referred to in subsection (3) as to public access, as if the public archive had been classified under section 43(1)(b) section 44(3)
3: Subsection (2)(h) applies to conditions imposed under—
a: section 8(3) of the Archives Act 1957 on public archives that have been in existence for 25 years or more:
b: section 10(2) of the Archives Act 1957 on public archives that have been in existence for less than 25 years:
c: section 16(7) of the Archives Act 1957. Section 65(2)(b) amended 7 July 2010 section 5 Public Records Amendment Act 2010 Repeals and amendments
66: Repeals
The following enactments are repealed:
a: the Archives Act 1957:
b: Part 17
67: Amendments to enactments
1: The Acts specified in Parts 1 2
2: The regulations specified in Part 3


Crimes Amendment Act 2005

1: Title
1: This Act is the Crimes Amendment Act 2005.
2: In this Act, the Crimes Act 1961 the principal Act
2: Commencement
1: Sections 6 8
2: So much of Schedule 1 Extradition Act 1999 Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1992
3: The rest of this Act comes into force on the 30th day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent. Section 2(1) brought into force 14 June 2006 Crimes Amendment Act Commencement Order 2006 Section 2(2) brought into force 1 June 2017 clause 2 Crimes Amendment Act 2005 Commencement Order 2017
1: Amendments to principal Act
3: Interpretation
1: Section 2(1) for a material benefit
a: after having obtained a material benefit for doing the thing; or
b: intending to obtain a material benefit for doing the thing genitalia penis sexual connection
a: connection effected by the introduction into the genitalia or anus of one person, otherwise than for genuine medical purposes, of—
i: a part of the body of another person; or
ii: an object held or manipulated by another person; or
b: connection between the mouth or tongue of one person and a part of another person's genitalia or anus; or
c: the continuation of connection of a kind described in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b)
2: Section 2
1A: For the purposes of paragraph (a) subsection (1) sexual connection
1B: For the purposes of this Act, one person does an indecent act on another person whether he or she—
a: does an indecent act with or on the other person; or
b: induces or permits the other person to do an indecent act with or on him or her.
3: Section 98B for a material benefit
4: Extraterritorial jurisdiction in respect of certain offences with transnational aspects
1: Section 7A(1)
a: by inserting, before the expression section 98A section 98AA
b: by omitting the expression section 257A section 243
2: Section 7A
2A: Even if some or all of the acts alleged to constitute the offence occurred wholly outside New Zealand, proceedings may be brought for an offence against section 131B
a: if the person to be charged—
i: is a New Zealand citizen; or
ii: is ordinarily resident in New Zealand; or
iii: has been found in New Zealand and has not been extradited; or
b: if any of the acts is alleged to have occurred—
i: on board a ship registered or required to be registered under the Ship Registration Act 1992
ii: on board a ship used as a ship of the New Zealand Defence Force; or
iii: on board a New Zealand aircraft; or
iv: on board an aircraft that is leased to a lessee whose principal place of business is in New Zealand, or who is a New Zealand citizen or a person ordinarily resident in New Zealand; or
c: if a person in respect of whom the offence is alleged to have been committed—
i: is a New Zealand citizen; or
ii: is ordinarily resident in New Zealand.
5: Attorney-General's consent when jurisdiction claimed under section 7A
Section 7B
a: by inserting in subsection (1) (2) section 98A section 98AA
b: by omitting from subsection (1) (2) section 257A section 243
6: New section 98AA inserted
The principal Act is amended by inserting, after section 98
98AA: Dealing in people under 18 for sexual exploitation, removal of body parts, or engagement in forced labour
1: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years who—
a: sells, buys, transfers, barters, rents, hires, or in any other way enters into a dealing involving a person under the age of 18 years for the purpose of—
i: the sexual exploitation of the person; or
ii: the removal of body parts from the person; or
iii: the engagement of the person in forced labour; or
b: engages a person under the age of 18 years in forced labour; or
c: permits a person under the age of 18 years to be engaged in forced labour; or
d: detains, confines, imprisons, or carries away a person under the age of 18 years for the purpose of—
i: the sexual exploitation of the person; or
ii: the removal of body parts from the person; or
iii: the engagement of the person in forced labour; or
e: removes, receives, transports, imports, or brings into any place a person under the age of 18 years for the purpose of—
i: the sexual exploitation of the person; or
ii: the removal of body parts from the person for a material benefit; or
iii: the engagement of the person in forced labour; or
f: induces a person under the age of 18 years to sell, rent, or give himself or herself for the purpose of—
i: the sexual exploitation of the person; or
ii: the removal of body parts from the person for a material benefit; or
iii: the engagement of the person in forced labour; or
g: induces a person to sell, rent, or give another person (being a person who is under the age of 18 years and who is dependent on him or her or in his or her charge) for the purpose of—
i: the sexual exploitation of the other person; or
ii: the removal of body parts from the other person; or
iii: the engagement of the other person in forced labour; or
h: builds, fits out, sells, buys, transfers, rents, hires, uses, provides with personnel, navigates, or serves on board a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle for the purpose of doing an act stated in any of paragraphs (a) to (g)
i: agrees or offers to do an act stated in any of paragraphs (a) to (h)
2: It is a defence to a charge under this section if the person charged proves that he or she believed on reasonable grounds that the person under the age of 18 years concerned was of or over the age of 18 years.
3: For the purposes of subsection (1) sexual exploitation
a: the taking by any means, or transmission by any means, of still or moving images of the person engaged in explicit sexual activities (whether real or simulated):
b: the taking by any means or transmission by any means, for a material benefit, of still or moving images of the person's genitalia, anus, or breasts (not being an act described in subsection (4) or subsection (5)
c: the person's participation in a performance or display (not being an act described in subsection (4)
i: is undertaken for a material benefit; and
ii: involves the exposure of the person's genitalia, anus, or breasts:
d: the person's undertaking of an activity (for example, employment in a restaurant) that—
i: is undertaken for a material benefit; and
ii: involves the exposure of the person's genitalia, anus, or breasts.
4: For the purposes of paragraphs (b) and (c) of subsection (3) sexual exploitation
5: For the purposes of subsection (3)(b) sexual exploitation
6: For the purposes of subsection (3)(b) sexual exploitation
a: to provide medical or health education; or
b: to provide information relating to medical or health matters; or
c: to advertise a product, instrument, or service intended to be used for medical or health purposes.
7: The person under the age of 18 years in respect of whom an offence against this section was committed cannot be charged as a party to the offence.
8: This section does not limit or affect the generality of section 98
7: New sections 127 to 138 substituted
The principal Act is amended by repealing sections 127 to 142
127: No presumption because of age
There is no presumption of law that a person is incapable of sexual connection because of his or her age.
128: Sexual violation defined
1: Sexual violation is the act of a person who—
a: rapes another person; or
b: has unlawful sexual connection with another person.
2: Person A rapes person B if person A has sexual connection with person B, effected by the penetration of person B's genitalia by person A's penis,—
a: without person B's consent to the connection; and
b: without believing on reasonable grounds that person B consents to the connection.
3: Person A has unlawful sexual connection with person B if person A has sexual connection with person B—
a: without person B's consent to the connection; and
b: without believing on reasonable grounds that person B consents to the connection.
4: One person may be convicted of the sexual violation of another person at a time when they were married to each other.
128A: Allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent in some circumstances
1: A person does not consent to sexual activity just because he or she does not protest or offer physical resistance to the activity.
2: A person does not consent to sexual activity if he or she allows the activity because of—
a: force applied to him or her or some other person; or
b: the threat (express or implied) of the application of force to him or her or some other person; or
c: the fear of the application of force to him or her or some other person.
3: A person does not consent to sexual activity if the activity occurs while he or she is asleep or unconscious.
4: A person does not consent to sexual activity if the activity occurs while he or she is so affected by alcohol or some other drug that he or she cannot consent or refuse to consent to the activity.
5: A person does not consent to sexual activity if the activity occurs while he or she is affected by an intellectual, mental, or physical condition or impairment of such a nature and degree that he or she cannot consent or refuse to consent to the activity.
6: One person does not consent to sexual activity with another person if he or she allows the sexual activity because he or she is mistaken about who the other person is.
7: A person does not consent to an act of sexual activity if he or she allows the act because he or she is mistaken about its nature and quality.
8: This section does not limit the circumstances in which a person does not consent to sexual activity.
9: For the purposes of this section,— allows sexual activity
a: sexual connection with the person; or
b: the doing on the person of an indecent act that, without the person's consent, would be an indecent assault of the person.
128B: Sexual violation
1: Every one who commits sexual violation is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 20 years.
2: A person convicted of sexual violation must be sentenced to imprisonment unless, having regard to the matters stated in subsection (3)
3: The matters are—
a: the particular circumstances of the person convicted; and
b: the particular circumstances of the offence, including the nature of the conduct constituting it.
129: Attempted sexual violation and assault with intent to commit sexual violation
1: Every one who attempts to commit sexual violation is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
2: Every one who assaults another person with intent to commit sexual violation of the other person is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
129A: Sexual conduct with consent induced by certain threats
1: Every one who has sexual connection with another person knowing that the other person has been induced to consent to the connection by threat is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years.
2: Every one who does an indecent act on another person knowing that the other person has been induced to consent to the act by threat is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years.
3: For the purposes of subsection (1) subsection (5)
4: For the purposes of subsection (2)
a: a person who does an indecent act on another person knows that the other person has been induced to consent to the act by threat if (and only if) he or she knows that the other person has been induced to consent to the act by an express or implied threat of a kind described in subsection (5)
b: a person is induced to consent to an indecent act whether—
i: he or she is induced to consent to the doing of an indecent act with or on him or her; or
ii: he or she is induced to consent to do an indecent act himself or herself.
5: The kinds of threat referred to in subsections (3) and (4)(a)
a: a threat that the person making the threat or some other person will commit an offence that—
i: is punishable by imprisonment; but
ii: does not involve the actual or threatened application of force to any person; and
b: a threat that the person making the threat or some other person will make an accusation or disclosure (whether true or false) about misconduct by any person (whether living or dead) that is likely to damage seriously the reputation of the person against or about whom the accusation or disclosure is made; and
c: a threat that the person making the threat will make improper use, to the detriment of the person consenting, of a power or authority arising out of—
i: an occupational or vocational position held by the person making the threat; or
ii: a commercial relationship existing between the person making the threat and the person consenting.
130: Incest
1: Sexual connection is incest if—
a: it is between 2 people whose relationship is that of parent and child, siblings, half-siblings, or grandparent and grandchild; and
b: the person charged knows of the relationship.
2: Every one of or over the age of 16 years who commits incest is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
131: Sexual conduct with dependent family member
1: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years who has sexual connection with a dependent family member under the age of 18 years.
2: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years who attempts to have sexual connection with a dependent family member under the age of 18 years.
3: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years who does an indecent act on a dependent family member under the age of 18 years.
4: The dependent family member cannot be charged as a party to the offence.
5: It is not a defence to a charge under this section that the dependent family member consented.
131A: Dependent family member defined
1: For the purposes of section 131
a: if the other person has power or authority over him or her, and is—
i: his or her parent, step-parent, foster parent, guardian, uncle, or aunt; or
ii: a parent, step-parent, or foster parent of a person described in subparagraph (i)
iii: a child of his or her parent or step-parent; or
iv: the spouse or de facto partner of a person described in subparagraph (i) or subparagraph (ii) or subparagraph (iii)
b: if they are members of the same family, whanau, or other culturally recognised family group, and the other person—
i: is not a person referred to in paragraph (a)
ii: has a responsibility for, or significant role in, his or her care or upbringing; or
c: if he or she is living with the other person as a member of the other person's family, and the other person is not a person referred to in paragraph (a)
i: power or authority over him or her; and
ii: a responsibility for, or significant role in, his or her care or upbringing.
2: In subsection (1) aunt foster parent guardian
a: means guardian by virtue of the Guardianship Act 1968 Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989
b: includes a former guardian step-parent uncle
131B: Meeting young person under 16 following sexual grooming, etc
1: Every person is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years if,—
a: having met or communicated with a person under the age of 16 years (the young person
i: intentionally meets the young person:
ii: travels with the intention of meeting the young person:
iii: arranges for or persuades the young person to travel with the intention of meeting him or her; and
b: at the time of taking the action, he or she intends—
i: to take in respect of the young person an action that, if taken in New Zealand, would be an offence against this Part, or against any of paragraphs (a)(i), (d)(i), (e)(i), (f)(i), of section 98AA(1)
ii: that the young person should do on him or her an act the doing of which would, if he or she permitted it to be done in New Zealand, be an offence against this Part on his or her part.
2: It is a defence to a charge under subsection (1)
a: before the time he or she took the action concerned, he or she had taken reasonable steps to find out whether the young person was of or over the age of 16 years: and
b: at the time he or she took the action concerned, he or she believed on reasonable grounds that the young person was of or over the age of 16 years.
132: Sexual conduct with child under 12
1: Every one who has sexual connection with a child is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years.
2: Every one who attempts to have sexual connection with a child is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
3: Every one who does an indecent act on a child is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
4: It is not a defence to a charge under this section that the person charged, believed that the child was of or over the age of 12 years.
5: It is not a defence to a charge under this section that the child consented.
6: In this section,—
a: child
b: doing an indecent act on a child includes indecently assaulting the child.
134: Sexual conduct with young person under 16
1: Every one who has sexual connection with a young person is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
2: Every one who attempts to have sexual connection with a young person is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years.
3: Every one who does an indecent act on a young person is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years.
4: No person can be convicted of a charge under this section if he or she was married to the young person concerned at the time of the sexual connection or indecent act concerned.
5: The young person in respect of whom an offence against this section was committed cannot be charged as a party to the offence if the person who committed the offence was of or over the age of 16 years when the offence was committed.
6: In this section,—
a: young person
b: doing an indecent act on a young person includes indecently assaulting the young person.
134A: Defence to charge under section 134
1: It is a defence to a charge under section 134
a: before the time of the act concerned, he or she had taken reasonable steps to find out whether the young person concerned was of or over the age of 16 years; and
b: at the time of the act concerned, he or she believed on reasonable grounds that the young person was of or over the age of 16 years; and
c: the young person consented.
2: Except to the extent provided in subsection (1)
a: it is not a defence to a charge under section 134
b: it is not a defence to a charge under section 134
135: Indecent assault
Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years who indecently assaults another person.
138: Sexual exploitation of person with significant impairment
1: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years who has exploitative sexual connection with a person with a significant impairment.
2: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years who attempts to have exploitative sexual connection with a person with a significant impairment.
3: For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2) impaired person
a: has sexual connection with the impaired person knowing that the impaired person is a person with a significant impairment; and
b: has obtained the impaired person's acquiescence in, submission to, participation in, or undertaking of the connection by taking advantage of the impairment.
4: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years who exploitatively does an indecent act on a person with a significant impairment.
5: For the purposes of subsection (4) impaired person
a: does an indecent act on the impaired person knowing that the impaired person is a person with a significant impairment; and
b: has obtained the impaired person's acquiescence in, submission to, participation in, or undertaking of the doing of the act by taking advantage of the impairment.
6: For the purposes of this section, a significant impairment is an intellectual, mental, or physical condition or impairment (or a combination of 2 or more intellectual, mental, or physical conditions or impairments) that affects a person to such an extent that it significantly impairs the person's capacity—
a: to understand the nature of sexual conduct; or
b: to understand the nature of decisions about sexual conduct; or
c: to foresee the consequences of decisions about sexual conduct; or
d: to communicate decisions about sexual conduct.
8: New section 144A substituted
The principal Act is amended by repealing section 144A
144A: Sexual conduct with children and young people outside New Zealand
1: Every one commits an offence who, being a New Zealand citizen or ordinarily resident in New Zealand,—
a: does outside New Zealand, with or on a child under the age of 12 years, an act to which subsection (2)
b: does outside New Zealand, with or on a person under the age of 16 years, an act to which subsection (3)
c: does outside New Zealand, with or on a person under the age of 18 years, an act to which subsection (4)
2: This subsection applies to an act that, if done in New Zealand, would be an offence against—
a: section 132(1)
b: section 132(2)
c: section 132(3)
3: This subsection applies to an act that, if done in New Zealand, would be an offence against—
a: section 134(1) of this Act
b: section 134(2) of this Act
c: section 134(3) of this Act
4: This subsection applies to an act that, if done in New Zealand, would be an offence against section 23(1) of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
5: A person who commits an offence against this section in respect of a provision specified in any of subsections (2) to (4)
6: Every limiting provision that applied to a provision specified in any of subsections (2) to (4)
a: the commencement of proceedings for the offence; and
b: a charge under this section in respect of the provision specified.
7: In this section, limiting provision subsections (2) to (4) Prostitution Reform Act 2003
a: circumstances that constitute a defence to a charge under the provision specified; or
b: circumstances that do not constitute a defence to a charge under the provision specified; or
c: circumstances in which the person on or with whom an offence against the provision specified is committed may not be charged with an offence against that provision.
9: New sections 208 to 210A substituted
The principal Act is amended by repealing sections 208 to 210
208: Abduction for purposes of marriage or sexual connection
Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years who unlawfully takes away or detains a person without his or her consent or with his or her consent obtained by fraud or duress,—
a: with intent to marry him or her; or
b: with intent to have sexual connection with him or her; or
c: with intent to cause him or her to be married to or to have sexual connection with some other person. 1908 No 32, s 226
209: Kidnapping
Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years who unlawfully takes away or detains a person without his or her consent or with his or her consent obtained by fraud or duress,—
a: with intent to hold him or her for ransom or to service; or
b: with intent to cause him or her to be confined or imprisoned; or
c: with intent to cause him or her to be sent or taken out of New Zealand. Criminal Code (1954), s 233
209A: Young person under 16 cannot consent to being taken away or detained
For the purposes of sections 208 and 209
210: Abduction of young person under 16
1: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years who, with intent to deprive a parent or guardian or other person having the lawful care or charge of a young person of the possession of the young person, unlawfully takes or entices away or detains the young person.
2: Every one is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years who receives a young person, knowing that he or she has been unlawfully taken or enticed away or detained with intent to deprive a parent or guardian or other person having the lawful care or charge of him or her of the possession of him or her.
3: For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2)
a: it is immaterial whether the young person consents, or is taken or goes or is received at his or her own suggestion; and
b: it is immaterial whether the offender believes the young person to be of or over the age of 16.
4: In this section young person 1908 No 32, ss 229, 230 Schedule s 3
210A: People claiming in good faith right to possession of young person under 16
A person who claims in good faith a right to the possession of a young person under the age of 16 years cannot be convicted of an offence against section 209 or section 210
2: Amendments, repeals, and transitional matters
10: Consequential amendments
The enactments specified in Schedule 1 OIC LI 2017/68 2017-06-01 Extradition Act 1999 Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1992 LI 2017/68 made 18 April 2017
11: Consequential repeals
The enactments specified in Schedule 2
12: Acts done before commencement of amending provisions
1: Every provision of the principal Act amended or repealed by a section of this Act applies to an act or omission occurring before the commencement of the section as if the section had not been enacted.
2: Every enactment amended or repealed by section 10 11
3: Subsections (1) and (2) are subject to section 13 , the District Courts Amendment Act (No 2) 2008 Summary Proceedings Amendment Act (No 2) 2008 Section 12(3) amended 26 June 2008 section 18(2) Crimes Amendment Act (No 2) 2008
13: Availability of new defences
To the extent (if any) that, with or without modification, a provision of the principal Act substituted by a section of this Act replaces or corresponds to a provision of the principal Act repealed by that section, there are available to a person charged after the commencement of that section with an offence against the repealed provision, so far as they are applicable,—
a: all defences available to a person charged with an offence against the repealed provision; and
b: with any necessary modifications, all defences available to a person charged with an offence against the substituted provision.


1: Title
1: This Act is the New Zealand Superannuation and Retirement Income Amendment Act 2005.
2: In this Act, the Act that was previously called the New Zealand Superannuation Act 2001 the principal Act
2: Commencement
This Act comes into force on the day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent.
1: Preliminary provisions
3: Purpose
The purpose of this Act is—
a: to repeal the Retirement Income Act 1993
b: to alter the functions and powers of the Retirement Commissioner:
c: to include the provisions relating to the functions and powers of the Retirement Commissioner in the principal Act:
d: to alter the name of the principal Act to the New Zealand Superannuation and Retirement Income Act 2001
4: Act binds the Crown
This Act binds the Crown.
2: Amendments to principal Act, amendments to other enactments, and repeals
5: Name of principal Act changed
1: After the commencement of this section, the principal Act is called the New Zealand Superannuation and Retirement Income Act 2001
2: Section 1 Superannuation and Retirement Income
6: New
section 5A The principal Act is amended by inserting, after section 5
5A: Interpretation of
Part 4 and Schedule 6 In Part 4 Schedule 6 Commissioner Government Minister Part 4
7: New
Part 4 The principal Act is amended by inserting, after section 79
4: Retirement Commissioner
80: Purpose of this Part
The purpose of this Part is to continue the office of the Retirement Commissioner and to set out the Commissioner's functions, powers, and duties.
81: Interpretation of this Part and
Schedule 6 In this Part and in Schedule 6 Commissioner Government Minister section 5A Provisions relating to constitution and appointment of Retirement Commissioner
82: Retirement Commissioner
1: There continues to be a Commissioner called the Retirement Commissioner.
2: The Commissioner continues to be a corporation sole.
3: The Commissioner is a Crown entity for the purposes of section 7 of the Crown Entities Act 2004
4: The Crown Entities Act 2004
5: The Commissioner is the board for the purposes of section 10 of that Act Functions, powers, and duties of Commissioner
83: Functions
The functions of the Commissioner are as follows:
a: to develop and promote methods of improving the effectiveness of the retirement income policies from time to time implemented by the Government of New Zealand, including the promotion of education about retirement income issues and the publication of information about those issues:
b: to monitor the effects of retirement income policies that are being implemented in New Zealand:
c: to review the retirement income policies being implemented by the Government and to report to the Minister by 31 December 2007 and at 3-yearly intervals thereafter, in accordance with section 84
d: to advise on retirement income issues, when requested to do so by the Minister:
e: to monitor the effectiveness of persons (whether referred to as ombudsmen or by any other term) who have been appointed (other than under statutory authority) to consider complaints and disputes about savings and investments; and to consider any issues addressed to the Commissioner by any such person and, if appropriate, to make recommendations to any person:
f: to collect and publish information for the purpose of enabling the fulfilment of any of the functions referred to in this section:
g: to perform such other functions as are conferred on the Commissioner by this Act or any other enactment. 1993 No 148 s 6
84: Periodic reviews
1: For each review to be conducted under section 83(c)
a: the aspects of retirement income policies being implemented by the Government of New Zealand that the review is required to address; and
b: the topics to be discussed in the Commissioner's report.
2: Before giving a notice under subsection (1)
3: The Minister must, as soon as practicable after giving a notice under subsection (1)
4: Each review conducted under section 83(c)
5: The Minister must, as soon as practicable after receiving a report under section 83(c)
85: Discretion in relation to performance and exercise of functions and powers
1: Subject to the provisions of this Part and of any other enactment, the Commissioner has complete discretion in the performance or exercise, and the manner of the performance or exercise, of any function or power of the Commissioner.
2: Without limiting subsection (1)
a: comment publicly on any matter relating to his or her functions; or
b: deliver to the Minister a report in writing on any retirement income issues that he or she considers the Minister should be advised of.
3: The Minister must, as soon as practicable after receiving a report under subsection (2)(b)
86: Provisions applying to Commissioner
The provisions in Schedule 6 Transitional and miscellaneous provisions
87: Continuation of office, appointment of Commissioner, and employment of employees
1: The office continued by section 82 section 5 of the Retirement Income Act 1993 section 82
2: On the commencement of this Part, the person who, immediately before that commencement, held office as Retirement Commissioner under the Retirement Income Act 1993 section 28 of the Crown Entities Act 2004
a: for a term that expires on 16 January 2010; and
b: subject to the determination under the Remuneration Authority Act 1977
3: This Part does not affect the employment of any person who, immediately before the commencement of this Part, was an employee of the Retirement Commissioner.
88: Application of this Part to matters commenced under
Retirement Income Act 1993 or Retirement Villages Act 2003
1: The Commissioner may continue or complete any act, matter, or thing commenced by the Commissioner under the Retirement Income Act 1993 Retirement Villages Act 2003
2: The provisions of this Part apply with all necessary modifications to the continuation or completion of any act, matter, or thing referred to in subsection (1)
89: References to New Zealand Superannuation Act 2001 Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference to the New Zealand Superannuation Act 2001 New Zealand Superannuation and Retirement Income Act 2001
8: New
Schedule 6 The principal Act is amended by adding the Schedule 6 Schedule 1
9: Amendments to other enactments
1: The Acts set out in Schedule 2
2: The regulations set out in Schedule 3
10: Repeals
1: The Retirement Income Act 1993 (1993 No 148)
2: Section 36(2) Retirement Villages Act 2003