Pol. Ideology 52: What is the Main Purpose of Government?
* This is my article today in thelobbyist.biz. Quotes below are not part of the original article, I just added them here.
There are several theories and opinions on the role of government in society and the citizens. This column takes the classic liberal philosophy that the main function of government, its raison d'etre or reason for existence, is to promulgate the rule of law. The law against murder and aggression, the law against stealing and destruction of property, the law protecting individual liberty and freedom of expression.
When people get more private security to protect themselves, their houses and offices, schools and shops, from aggressors and killers, thieves and vandals, then there is clear and widespread government failure. This article discusses that more people now in the Philippines are hiring private security guards in their homes.
Securing peace and order in society is supposedly a government function and responsibility, especially in dealing with organized and armed criminals, or sophisticated ponzi schemes that rob hundreds or thousands of people big time. That is why there is a huge phalanx of armed policemen, investigators and soldiers. But how come that peace and order is mainly implemented by private security agencies? That peace and order has been implicitly privatized when the budget and personnel of those armed agencies keep rising?
The bigger the number of private security agencies, the bigger is the distrust of the people in government to ensure law and order in society. The bigger the government failure.
If there is widespread government failure in maintaining peace and order, in protecting lives and private properties, why has government expanded into many non-core, non-essential functions? Like running banks and casinos, universities and specialty hospitals, monopolizing pension and social security, extending forever, no timetable welfare and subsidies.
Government failure in its core function should not be exacerbated by another government failure in its non-core functions. The corruption and plunder scandals in various agencies from various administrations are additional proof to this government failure in its non-core functions.
If people spend more on hiring private security agencies, then they are over-taxed. They pay various taxes and fees that sustain the huge bureaucracies at DILG-PNP, DND-AFP, DOJ-NBI, LGUs-barangay tanods. Then they pay extra to hire private security agencies as these guards are not cheap.
The government should be terribly ashamed of this situation, especially when people have to hire private guards to protect their homes, on top of having private guards protecting the village gates. By extension, the NGOs and civil society leaders, media people, foreign aid, etc. who demand ever-expanding government bureaucracies, subsidies and taxes when there is clear and explicit government failure in promulgating the rule of law, should rethink their advocacies.
Of what value to the poor that they get endless, forever, no timetable subsidies in healthcare, education, agriculture credit and seeds, condoms, etc., but their kids can be abducted and even raped easily, their small investments like a cow or tractor or tricycle can be stolen somewhere, their small plot of land can be land grabbed by some politically influential people?
Where there is peace and order, where the government is truly doing its work in protecting the citizens' right to life, right to private property, right to liberty, enforcing contracts, people will become productive. They can work from morning till midnight if they want, knowing that their family and house are secure. Where people are hard working and have peace of mind that their business contracts, big or small, are respected and enforced, plus civil society support, they can get out of poverty on their own.
A friend, Steve Cutler, suggested that since private guards and drivers and so on are dirt cheap in the Philippines for many rich people, the affluent acquire them as a way of ensuring people know how important and rich they are. There may well be some kind of "threat" but it can also be a fashion accessory.
That angle is highly possible. But having private guards in many shops, schools, cash collections by gas stations, convenience stores, etc. transported by armed vans, speaks of something, that there is grave government failure in tracking and going after the real criminals in society, if not suspicion that some members of government armed forces themselves are actively involved in criminality, like protecting drug lords and organized hold uppers.
If people recognize this big government failure in fulfilling its core function, they should also recognize that government functions and intervention in other sectors should shrink or be discontinued as such government failure will only be replicated elsewhere. The pork barrel scandal is testament to such massive wastes and cheating in government.
Another friend posted this quote from Benjamin Constant (1767-1830), Swiss-born French politician and writer who argued that liberty was essential to moral development.
This belief is widespread among liberty-oriented people especially the anarchists. Minarchists give government some favor by recognizing certain role for it, ike enforcing the rule of law and contracts between and among people through the justice system, the police and a few other agencies. When government becomes inefficient and wasteful in almost anything it dips its hands on, government credibility as an institution to protect law and order keeps dipping.
The private guards function somehow as deterrent to petty criminals like shoplifters who may have guns to use when cornered. Such deterrence function helps reduce the possibility of shots flying inside malls. The guards with long firearms in vans are deterrent to organized criminals.
These criminals, petty or organized, can be tracked down at the barangay or street levels, if the LGUs and the police are doing their work seriously, and if government is not distracted from providing so many non-core functions.
I still have to write my reflection paper on the Reading Club Salon 2013 of the Lion Rock Institute (LRI) on "Democracy -- Past, Present and Future" held in Harbour Grand Hong Kong last October 19, 2013. It's good that good friend Barun Mitra, Founder and Director of Liberty Institute in India, sent us today his reflection paper about the event. Short and well-argued points by Barun, reposting it below.
Our group photo after the whole day round table discussion. Barun is 4th from left standing. To his left is Peter Wong, Executive Director of LRI, and to Barun's right (3rd from left) is Simon Lee, LRI co-founder and moderator of the Reading Salon. To my left, 2nd from right sitting, is Andrew Work, co-founder and first Executive Director of LRI.
My take home points from the 2013 Salon.
The idea of democracy as the critical political institution has clearly been established. Just over two hundred years ago, the founding fathers of the United States of America, were concerned about the majoritarian aspects of democracy. The debate was encapsulated in the Federalist and Anti-Federalist papers. In the Federalist Papers, the authors underscore the need for a strong central government in order to hold the states together in a nascent country. In the Ant-Federalist paper, many leaders from the states argue the case for strengthening the lower tiers of government, so that a strong people would together strengthen the nation. Two hundred years later, James Buchanan, Nobel prize winning economist, wrote his classic text "Calculus of Consent", where he explored a whole range of ways to restrain the majoritarian threats on the one hand, and prevent capture of state agencies by vested interests on the other hand. These three books, were in the list of readings selected by for this year's salon on democracy.
A number of key points that emerged from the discussions at the salon, underscored the essential features of democratic politics.
Democracy is not about majority rule, but about recognition of and respect for minority opinions. So that the minority view of today, may enjoy the freedom to peacefully persuade others, and could become a majority opinion of tomorrow. This is why democracy requires consent of the governed, so that the diverse minorities do not feel so aggrieved as to try and revolt or secede from the rest.
For democracy to survive in large communities and countries, where only representative democracy is possible and practical, democracy has to be minimal, so that it does not offend or alienate too many people. Secondly, as societies become complex, there is a need to recognise the challenges of centralised government, and devolve greater political authority and autonomy to lower tiers of government and local communities. Because only at such community level, with shared values, can there be a realistic prospect for widest consensus on such complex issues.
Threats to democracy arise from the majoritarian perspective which is reflected in centralisation of decision making. This invariably leads to populism and patronage. Consequent spread of corruption, triggers cynicism, and undermines the legitimacy of democratic polity. Growing illegitimacy provides an incentive for demagogues and dictators to seize the levers of power by promising to solve all the ills of society. And democracy collapses in to despotism.
Democracy and markets are analogous. Democracy empowers the citizens with choices in the political domain. While markets empowers the consumers with choice in the economic domain. Adam Smith had warned about the tendency of businessmen and traders, to collude, seek special protection and privileges from the state, at the cost of the consumers. And others have warned about the special protection and privileges that many politicians seek, in the name of the public, but actually endangering the political freedoms of the citizens. This is why economic competition and open market are critical in keeping businesses focussed on delivering better goods and services in order to win the customers. So too does political competition in a vibrant democracy, ensures that politicians offer a diverse range of political options to the citizens to choose from.
In a competitive democratic environment, politicians could either be businessmen, offering the conventional political ideas and operate within the prevailing political paradigm, or they could be like entrepreneurs, offering radical ideas, in a manner that would be understood and accepted by the people, thereby shifting the centre of political discourse, itself.
Economic and political freedoms go together. All the developed and rich countries are democracies. Even the small principalities and city states, which are rich, people enjoy a very high degree of economic freedom, and share the basic elements of participatory politics, that is democracy. On the other hand, poor and less developed countries, are much lower on the economic and political freedom scores.
Yesterday morning, the Emerging Markets Health Network (EMHN) and the Global Coalition On Aging (GCOA) jointly sponsored a "Policy Dialogue on Aging", here at Plaza Athenee Bangkok. There were 16 of us from 8 countries -- China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines (me), Canada and USA. The forum was led and moderated by Cathy Windels, the President of The Policy Workshop in New York, who represented GCOA, and Wan Saiful Wan Jan, CEO of IDEAS in Malaysia, which handles the EMHN project.
Six participants from five countries: Barun from India, Chris and Cathy from the US, Harsha from Sri Lanka, Shoulong from China, Marc from Japan.
Hiroshi Yoshida also from Japan, speaking.
After Cathy's introduction, the resource speaker, Dr. Anindya Mishra, from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) presented a paper on Social and Economic Challenges of Ageing in Asia: Special Focus on India.
I will make a report about the meeting soon.
It was just a half day meeting and sharing of ideas on the issue of rising aging population in Asia and the rest of the world. The healthcare, public finance and civil society responsibility issues are big.
The EFN Asia 2013 Conference ended yesterday, another great event by the biggest network of free market or at least independent think tanks and academic scholars in Asia. This is my article yesterday at the new EFN website.
The two-day Economic Freedom Network (EFN) Asia conference has tackled many subjects on its first day, October 21, 2013. The welcome remarks were given by Dr. Pirom Kamolratanakul, President of Chulalongkorn University in Thailand, and Mr. Ulrich Niemann, Director of the Division of International Politics, Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom (FNF).
Dr. Kamolratanakul said that Thailand has been growing slower and 42 percent of the working population are stuck in agriculture. The country needs a transparent and efficient public sector and good governance to build the middle class, and must emphasize productivity growth and more investment, especially in infrastructure and education.
Dr. Niemann emphasized the importance of Asia and economic freedom in the world, but developing Asia still has a long way to go to expand economic freedom. Some countries are trapped from becoming advanced and high income countries. Certain vested interests challenge and stall further economic reform. Political reform is also needed and ideas of classical liberalism have to be reintroduced.
Two keynote addresses were also given, first by Mr. Geronimo Sy, Assistant Secretary of the Philippines Department of Justice (DOJ, and Deputy Governor of the Myanmar Central Bank, Mr. Set Aung.
Mr. Sy stressed that with rising modernity in technology, communications should be geared towards shared value. Integrity in government is needed, based on honesty of both individuals and institutions. Good governance can build middle class, aided by economic freedom and simple, transparent rules. The Philippines has a big population that also has a big diaspora. Its middle class can go up or down the economic ladder and they are concerned with regulations and attaining economic freedom, while the poor are less concerned about these. Different countries have different contexts and the middle income trap is defined by those contexts.
Mr. Aung asked how far do we Asians want to go, fast like a big bang, or how gradual. The ASEAN Economic Community that will materialize by 2015 looks ambitious. AFTA is sometimes called Agree First, Talk After, especially by the ASEAN 6 – Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Do we plan to take the EU path, which is a long and evolving process? We may be excited but not ready for it, especially Myanmar which is a late comer. With all the economic optimism in the region, there is a need for strong political will to push certain programs and reforms.
After the two keynote speeches, a speed dating was held for all participants where they talked one on one for two minutes, introducing themselves, why they attend the conference and so on. The format was very useful as it provided an excellent opportunity for networking.
Panel 1 of the conference was defining the term “middle income trap”, the myth and realities about the concept. The two speakers were Dr. Laveesh Bhandari, Director of Indicus Analytics Pty. Ltd. India, and Dr. Fred McMahon, Fellow and holder of the Dr. Michael Walker Research Chair in Economic Freedom, Fraser Institute, Canada.
Dr. Bhandari emphasized that jargons on economics and governance must not be confused with reality on the ground and demands for practical considerations, so that levels of economic development and economic freedom can produce the needed outcomes.
Dr. McMahon showed various indicators that contribute to high income of some countries, and concluded that economic freedom or the lack of it explains a great deal of middle income trap if not everything about it. Rule of law complements economic freedom.
Over lunch, Dr. Kriengsak Chareonwongsak, President of the Institute of Future Studies for Development, made a presentation on “Thailand’s Titles Projects from the Perspective of Economic Freedom.” He underlined the important role of property rights protection as the cornerstone of capitalism and economic freedom. He showed charts indicating that many private lands are not properly titled and such ambiguity in ownership prevents the owners, the poor especially, from developing those lands to high productivity use and hence, contributes to poverty.
The panel 2 discussion was about surveying the trend of middle income trap. The two speakers were Dr. Bibek Debroy, Professor at the Center for Policy Research in India, and Dr. Suthiphand Chirathivat, Chairman of the Chula Global Network in Thailand. The panel moderator was Dr. Chayodom Sabhasri, Dean of the Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University.
Dr. Chirathivat underlined that connectivity is good for economic integration and as international pressure for national governments to integrate with, and learn from, each other, how to avoid middle income trap. Countries cannot rely on cheap labor as pathway to high growth. The average per capita GDP in ASEAN is projected to rise five percent a year from 2010 to 2030, there is a need to move to high skills industries. .
The panel 3 discussion had a particular focus on four countries from four speakers. It was moderated by Dr. Kim Chung ho, Professor at Yonsei University and also founder of a new think tank in S. Korea, the Freedom Factory Ltd.
Assistant Secretary of Philippines DOJ, Geronimo Sy, gave special mention of having a competition policy in each country to enforce rules equally among players, and avoid “regulatory capture” by some regulated players.
Dr. Choi Byung-il, President of the Korea Economic Research Institute (KERI) said that populism is a zero-sum game of distributive politics, rent seeking activities can become rampant, if politics will trump over economics. Economic freedom and prosperity are highly correlated. In the case of S. Korea, growth was fast until the 80s. By 1987 onwards, public demand for more social equity, more labor rights and other entitlements has increased. The weakening global orientation plus rising populism resulted in more inward-looking attitude and protectionism among the people.
Dr. Deunden Nikomborirak, Research Director of Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) presented a paper on “Middle income trap and the Thai service sector”. Thai sectors are dominated by large conglomerates and reform in services sector is required as 44 percent of the labor force is working in this sector. Labor productivity is stagnant, just half of productivity in manufacturing. FDI in ASEAN flows mainly into the service sector but in Thailand, FDI goes mainly to manufacturing, and Singapore is ASEAN “FDI gate keeper” as it is the most liberal, most economically free country in the region. With the ASEAN Economic Community coming soon, Thailand will get “second hand” FDI after Singapore.
Dr. Harsha De Silva, Member of Parliament of Sri Lanka, agonized that prosperity in his country remains an illusion, that it is facing not only a middle income trap but also debt trap. Government investment priorities are questionable and the public sector, civilian and military, keeps expanding, into more commercial businesses.
Another speed dating was held among all the participants including speakers. This time, the focus was on participants’ reflections of the various presentations in panels 2 and 3.
The mining industry is a very useful sector because many of the things that humanity needs in modern life come from mining, like cellphones, tv, cars, buses, electricity, appliances and so on. Yet mining is also highly criticized if not demonized for the various environmental damages attributed to it, real or imaginary.
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is an international voluntary system among governments and big mining worlds in many countries that help clear this issue of whether mining indeed deserves to be demonized or be protected, at least on the taxation and output transparency aspect. Its focus is on making revenue payment and collections from the extractive sectors like oil, gas and mining, become more transparent to the public. In the process, this enhances government revenues.
The EITI International Secretariat and the World Bank Washington office jointly sponsored the “Conference on the Adoption of the 2013 EITI Standards” last September 27, 2013 at Crowne Plaza in Ortigas. Among the speakers was Dr. Elmer Billedo, Assistant Director at the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment. This is one of the slides he showed.
There is no breakdown how much of those gross value production came from (a) large scale metallic mining (LSMM), (b) small scale metallic/gold mining (SSM), and (c) large non-metallic mining (LNMM) like cement and coal firms. Table 2 below will show breakdown.
Many sectors look down or understate the contribution of mining in the economy, as shown by its low share of only 0.7 to 1.0 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and only 0.5 to 0.7 percent of total employment in the country. With such a low share, then the country can possibly afford to shut down all mining companies and give the displaced workers alternative work elsewhere, particular in the agriculture, industry and service sectors.
This analysis is wrong. No mining raw materials and products means little or no industrial output as the iron, nickel, copper, chromite and other metallic products are the raw materials to produce various machines, steel and construction materials, cell phones and various electronic products and appliances. If these manufactured products are not available or present at very small amount and very high prices, then construction, transportation, telecommunications, trading and other service sub-sectors will have little or no output.
The analogy may also look like this. Raw and live chicken production is counted in the agriculture sector. Once it becomes litson manok or chicken adobo or chicken curry in food shops, it is counted under the service sector. If it is transformed into chicken cubes or chicken fillet or noodles, it is counted in the manufacturing and industry sector. Valuation in the industry and service sectors is a lot higher than those in the agriculture sector. A P115 per kilo live chicken raised for a month in the chicken farm can become P230 or higher as litson manok or a doubling of gross value after just a few hours.
Thus, raw, lower value mineral products actually have huge multiplier effects in the economy, from the agriculture to industry to service sectors. Even a 1 percent mining share of GDP can enable all the other sectors to have high share of GDP.
Note that those taxes and fees generally come from LSMM as the firms here are highly regulated and monitored by the BIR-DOF, MGB-DENR and local government units (LGUs). Such taxes, fees and royalties comprise between 43 to 60 percent of the LSMM’s net revenues.
The Philippines has been ranked by the US Geological Survey as being the biggest nickel producer worldwide. The estimated nickel reserves though is not very big compared to those in Australia, Brazil and Russia.
During the open forum, I suggested that the BIR-DOF, MGB-DENR and LGUs-DILG should make data on mining taxes, fees and royalties become more easily available online. Lack of updated and official data makes the anti-mining sentiment and biases become more convoluted. For instance, even known economist Ma’am Winnie Monsod is misinformed to insist that the government collects only two percent excise tax from LSMM which she says is peanuts, and proposed the Malampaya natural gas revenue sharing arrangement where the government gets 60 percent of the net revenues. The IMF says that if the Average Effective Tax Rate (AETR) formula is applied, LSMM in the country is paying up to 60 percent of their net revenues to the government, both local and national.
There is huge industrial potential for the country given our high mineral deposit and wealth. If those companies and investors are following existing environmental regulations, paying various taxes, fees and royalties, spending extra for the community via social development management program (SDMP), and creating lots of direct, indirect and auxiliary jobs to the people especially in rural municipalities and provinces, then they should not be demonized by the public.
With a $0.9 to 1.0 trillion value of mineral potentials, with potential net revenues of $400 billion (about 60 percent of gross production goes to operating costs like personnel salaries, depreciation of expensive capital equipment, fuel and electricity, etc.), and if government will collect about half of that in the form of taxes, fees and royalties, that is a whooping $200 billion revenues or P8.6 trillion at P43/$ exchange rate.
This amount can practically wipe out the total public debt of P5.45 trillion as of June 2013. It is a substantial or giant revenue that the government and the rest of society should recognize.
The first four speakers will come from Thailand, Germany, Philippines and India. The keynote speaker will be the Philippines' Department of Justice (DOJ) Assistant Secretary, Geronimo Sy, who is a friend in Manila.
The next four speakers are from Canada, Thailand, India and Thailand, respectively. Fred, me and other speakers in this conference came from Hong Kong yesterday, we attended the Lion Rock Institute's Reading Club Salon 2013 last Saturday.
The batch of speakers are from S. Korea, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Hawaii, USA. Ken Schooland will speak during the farewell dinner tonight.
So there. I will try to blog during the conference today. If not, I will just tweet, so stay tuned.
Two months ago, a friend and fellow UPSE alumni asked me to respond to his ideas, below.
Indeed, the economic buzzwords these days is how to achieve "inclusive growth". I'm just wondering why we always get fixated with the decades-old mantra towards “FREER MARKET" or the need to break down further "Institutions" to achieve freer markets.
While it is true that there are still institutional bottlenecks and bureaucratic inefficiencies (i.e., red tapes, corruption, etc.) that need to be scrapped, I think we are losing sight of what true economics should mainly be all about----Production and not fixation with freer markets and consumption.
If I am not mistaken, almost 80 percent of the total economy is consumption driven. In short, we are producing much less through the years as a percentage of total GDP.
If less and less people are creating physical wealth, there is indeed some basis to the analysis that the economy is mainly being bailed out by the OFW money that is circulating around and helping boost consumer and service industries like the malls and food chains.
Many people indeed have that "uncontrolled itch to control others".
Consider here: A taxi driver or jeepney driver would wish to have the freedom, the choice, where he can eat lunch cheaply and with parking at the same time. But those with "uncontrolled itch to control" would wish that such freedom should be curtailed. If some of those carinderias that give cheap lunch do not pay taxes and city hall business permit, sanitation permit, etc., then they better be closed down. Control people's freedom of choice. Attack free market, onwards with the command and control thinking.
His fixation with "Economics = Production" is lousy. Remember Econ 11 again, Economics is about WHAT to produce, WHEN and WHERE to produce, HOW to produce it and for WHOM. Economics is about production and consumption and non-consumption (savings, investments). What's so hard to understand here?
It is impossible for micro units (individuals, households, micro and big firms) to answer all the "what, when, where, how and for whom" if there is no free market. Can central planners, whether products of UPSE or Ateneo or Harvard or Timbuktu University, foresee how many rubber shoes, what color, design and sizes, would be needed in village or municipality A, and in other areas and cities? What if there was an over-production of color blue, size small rubber shoes but under production of color pink, size medium and large rubber shoes? How fast can central planners respond to such consumer demand who will be in shoe stores today or tomorrow?
Only the free market -- producers who are free to produce what/when/where/how/for whom, consumers who are free to buy what/when/where/how/from whom -- can have the flexibility and foresight to see those things.
About "inclusive growth", new terminologies, and perhaps new rackets. Notice that it has already evolved into "inclusive development", "inclusive democracy", "inclusive business", "inclusive politics", what else.
The framers and inventors of such "inclusive _____" are careful that the people will not see them as ultimately gunning for "inclusive pockets" and "inclusive savings". That is, your money in your pocket or savings account is not yours and yours alone. It belongs to the collective, other people have a "claim" and "entitlement" to it already. These "other people" include the poor (regardless of the causes of their poverty), the politicians, the bureaucrats and the various poverty fighters.
The tirade and personal attacks of the Orion Dumdum camp continues. See, PNoy Government, Pork Barrel and Parliamentarism. I let them open their mouth more, because the more they do, the more they expose their true personality. They are among the “saviours” of this country against the corrupt and hypocrite politicians, right?
Some are asking why I am posting an exchange in a private fb group in my blog. Simple, it concerns me. They are directly attacking me, and I have two choices. One is rebut them point by point, or simply publicize their “assessment” of me.
Notice that they have shifted the topic from pork barrel to Pnoy administration, to me directly. So again, see their language, see their attitudes, in their own words.
Have to jump now for the dinner at the hotel, sponsored by LRI.
You see, Oplas, the problem is that you are a fanatic extremist.
CoRRECT and FEF are composed of rational NORMAL people who know that we have to work within a system and need to do things gradually if we are to work within a democratic framework.
You see, Oplas, the problem is that you want us to do things 100% the same way you want them to be done. You are an absolutist, and you want things done instantaneously.
We -- CoRRECT and FEF -- however, know that if we are to work within a democratic framework, we need to do things STEP-BY-STEP.
It has been proven that Presidential Systems CANNOT induce major reforms unlike Parliamentary Systems.
Remember Singapore? They went from Third World to First.
Look at Malaysia. They're not First World yet, but they are getting there. And they're way way way better than the Philippines is economically because Mahathir reformed their society.
Both Singapore and Malaysia have very low income-tax rates. And they're PARLIAMENTARY.
In fact, when CHILE needed to reform itself, it didn't do its reforms through DEMOCRATIC MEANS.
Parliamentary Systems have a structure that allows for fundamental reforms to be done in society to happen WITHOUT RESORTING TO MILITARY DICTATORSHIP.
Look at Lee Kuan Yew. Did he need to resort to dictatorship? No. In the parliamentary system that Singapore uses, Lee Kuan Yew was able to LIBERALIZE THEIR ECONOMY and make themselves open to FDI as well as create safeguards against corruption and crime that made them even more attractive to INVESTORS - both local and foreign.
Instead of supporting the right-of-center Republican Party, the Tea Party HIJACKED IT by bullying the Republicans into getting the extremists into their line-ups.
Worse, the Tea Party extremists even went to the point of BULLYING Republicans who were looking to do compromise deals with the Democrats.
Instead, you reserve your vitriol against other Free Market advocacy groups like FEF and CoRRECT who are more normal and "moderate" in our approach just because we are not as EXTREMIST as you are.
Instead of fighting the Communists, you (Oplas) and Froi prefer to attack CoRRECT and call us "STATISTS" and "WELFARISTS" even if we have NEVER MENTIONED ANYTHING SUPPORTING Statism or Welfare!
Whenever you get cornered and you lose in a debate (EVEN ONE THAT IS PRIVATE like this one --- no one outside this group can see you getting clobbered), you get pikon and then you suddenly go out of your way to create a defamatory blogpost out to destroy other people in the open Internet.
Were you the guy who taught Froi to resort to cyberbullying?
Or did you learn it from Froi?
Because honestly, Oplas, you really are looking like a spoiled brat.
You started a lot of fights with CoRRECT and then when we step in to defend ourselves and in the process WHACK the hell out of you (because we have the facts on our side and you don't), you can't take responsibility for the conflict that YOU started.
What is wrong with you, Oplas?
So... Will you admit too that you were wrong in attacking me and CoRRECT just because pushing for the Parliamentary System is part of our Constitutional Reform agenda?
Will you admit that you were wrong in maliciously misrepresenting me and CoRRECT as being "statist?"
Nigel Pope Noynoy, why would publicly post on your blog that you're a noytard?
Do you really want everyone to know you are an Aquino supporter?
Or is this your way of making sure your new political party gets included on the pork lists...?
Trevor Llewellyn Evans I think that Noynog Epal is actually a journalist that learned his craft at Fox. What he does is have conversations and debates with people in private, then when the story angle isn't going his way or they way he assumed it would, he broadcasts the "its off the record" debates on the Fox News Channel, but carefully edits the story to fit his predetermined conclusion, by trying to defame or discredit the people he spoke to who contradict or shoot holes in his hypotheses. What he basically does is spin the truth to his "believers" to try and sooth his fragile ego and to gain sympathy for his poorly thought out story line. Just Pathetic. If you can't beat them in a logical debate, destroy their credibility...maybe he should have been a car chasing lawyer.
Orion Pérez D. But honestly, the biggest problem of Nonoy Oplasis that he spends more time picking fights with fellow Free Market and Economic Liberalization advocates, hateblogging against them, calling them names like "statist" or what-not, INSTEAD OF forming a formidable alliance with them to fight Pinoy Commies like the CPP-NPA-NDF or Bayan Muna or other Leftard groups like NEPA (National Economic Protectionism Association) who are out to keep JOBS out.
Oplas... Honestly... What drives you to pick fights with people whom you are supposed to be on the same side with regarding Free Markets and Capitalism? Why do you prefer to waste time fighting against us fellow pro-Economic Liberalization advocates over irrelevant minutiae when better time would be spent fighting against the Commies?
What's with you? Are you actually a Closet Commie yourself that you actually want to SABOTAGE us as we advocate for economic liberalization and other important reforms that could help make the Philippines zoom up to First World status?
Chilling here in my hotel in Hong Kong, arrived today to attend a full day round table discussion tomorrow on “Democracy – Past, Present and Future”, sponsored by the Lion Rock Institute, HK’s first and only free market think tank. Then on Sunday, some of us participants here will fly to Bangkok to attend the Economic Freedom Network (EFN) Asia 2013 Conference on “Asia, Middle Income Trap and Economic Freedom”, Monday-Tuesday. I will post articles about these two events in the coming days.
Then checking my facebook, my article, Pork Barrel 8: Forum at DLSU Manila has attracted the attention of some guys hurting over my non-singing “halleluiah” to parliamentary form of government, in the “Kilos Pinoy” fb group. Some guys there dislike it too much, even if I am not singing “halleluiah” to a presidential form of government either.
See the exchanges below, made only this afternoon. Copy-pasting everything, zero alteration, not even comma or period. Judge for yourself re attitude, arrogance, civility or lack of it. Notice for instance Nigel’s calling me Noynoy repeatedly. Implying something and in the process, showing his mental state.
This is 2,200+ words, 6 pages, enjoy.
Nigel Pope I love how Noynoy Oplas voted for and campaigned for Aquino but now, suddenly, is lecturing everyone else on corruption in government being wrong.
Seriously, Noynoy, why did you vote for noy?
Nonoy Oplas Nanggigigil si Pope, hehehe, bakit ba. Anyway, yes I voted for PNoy, the only liberal candidate in the 2010 elections though he's far out from being a classic liberal. The other candidates were more statist, more dangerous than him. But I did not go out campaigning hard for him.
Nigel Pope More statist? More dangerous?
He's an Aquino! That family - and the Cojuangcos - have been big state, pro-oligarch, pro-protectionist for GENERATIONS.
Seriously, mate, you really need to learn a bit more about the free market and small state movement if you think voting for noy was the best option. Did you honestly think he would be any different that his execrable mother?
Nonoy Oplas My vote in 2010, none of your business. You crucify PNoy, fine, I'm not his spokesman, not an LP member, not a govt bureaucrat.
That's hypocrisy. That's intellectual dishonesty. That's not coming to an argument with clean hands. That's the sort of cognitive dissonance with taints every argument you make.
You're a joke, Noynoy, just like your namesake whom you frittered away your vote to.
Also, Noynoy, now that you are revealed as a big state supporter, I am interested in knowing more about your new political party.
Is this a pork barrel thing?
Does your support for Aquino mean you are hopeful of attracting more pork?
Nonoy Oplas Commenting without reading. My blog post was actually an attack on the administration without naming it. Pork as bribe by the Exec to the Legislative so that wasteful and corrupt spending by the former will be tolerated by the latter. The current PNoy admin, past Gloria, Erap, FVR, Cory admins were all guilty of such pork bribery. Hence, I did not single out any admin as all of them were guilty of such wasteful, big govt spending.
Some guys are just groggy or hurting that some people are not convinced by their pol advocacies.
Vincent Blas ^You realize that they’re all guilty, and still you want to keep the Presidency?
Nonoy Oplas If you want to put Binay as successor to Pnoy now, fine, do it, should make you happy.
Last Monday, October 14, 2013, the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) held a huge medical mission in several places in Manila City. The organizers announced that they expect to gather about 1.5 million people from many places in Metro Manila and neighboring provinces. In anticipation of the huge traffic, Manila Mayor Erap Estrada suspended all classes from all levels in the city. Other cities in the metropolis also suspended classes up to high school as long convoys of vehicles from many places will be passing by their cities on their way to Manila.
This incident has angered many Filipinos, especially the non-Iglesia members. Hundreds of thousands of students from pre-school to tertiary were deprived of one day of schooling. Those with official and personal trips to and around Manila City suffered super heavy traffic, which started at dawn that day. Many people started queuing at designated places at dawn and hence, travelled to the place at midnight and early morning the previous day. The big volume of buses and jeepneys that ferried the people from different cities and provinces parked at no parking areas, further worsening an already bad traffic situation.
I agree with Bong’s assessment. Freedom without responsibility is stupidity or dictatorship. If the INC officials and members can practice religious freedom, other people also have freedom of mobility, freedom of education, freedom of commerce and so on. These various freedoms should not be trumped and sacrificed in advancing other people’s religious freedom.
I replied to this guy and asked if the INC also respected the right to mobility of other people? No. The INC threw its weight around. They have INC hospitals, churches, schools and so on where they can conduct such medical mission, daily if they want. Luneta and other big open spaces are also alternative venues. Not a bit, INC chose the heavily congested places of Manila, on a weekday.
If the INC wanted respect and understanding from the inconvenienced public, they should have anticipated those problems as it is not the first or second time that their big gatherings cause heavy traffic congestions and trip delays for many other people.
The alibi does not hold water. When you bring a million people or more in a small piece of land like Manila City in one day, the freedom of mobility of other people is immediately disrespected. The Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, lower courts in Manila have all suspended proceedings by afternoon of that day. Classes were suspended whole day. Religious and humanitarian freedom by INC has trumped all other freedoms -- freedom of fair court trial, freedom of education, freedom of mobility, freedom of commerce, others -- these were all rendered secondary or unnecessary that day.
Other INC members may feel that they are being discriminated against because such "rants" are not heard when the Catholics also hold religious-related activities like the Feast of Nazarene and Christmas holidays, where heavy traffic congestion is also experienced.
This is not a valid observation. The Catholic Nazarene Feast and its heavy traffic is confined around Quiapo area only and does not affect the outer rings and streets of Manila City, and definitely does not affect other neighboring cities. The Christmas season is feast and business season. Even atheists and agnostics enjoy the holidays, there are many reunions, partying, perhaps 99 percent of which are not related to religion.
The various city governments in Metro Manila M are also to blame for suspending classes. It is not a far out possibility that there is implicit pressure from INC that if those Mayors do not close schools in their areas, the INC may not support them in the 2016 elections. Many local and national politicians are afraid to antagonize a solid-voting INC bloc.
But even if the other city governments did not close schools that day, the fact that INC brought hundreds of thousands of its followers from northern, central and southern Luzon to Manila City, on a weekday, is already bad. INC has thrown its political weight around.
This should be another warning signal for the rest of Philippine electorates. A big religious bloc can throw its weight around and cause huge public inconvenience for one day or more, when its purported goal, to conduct medical mission, can be done in other venues, or be phased into several days on smaller venues.
The medical mission was a political mission with a clear political statement. The inconvenienced public should also send a political statement to them: religious freedom cannot and should not undermine other individual freedoms. There are other ways so that any potential conflict between the two can be avoided, but the INC leadership opted to highlight its own political statement.
The EFN Asia 2013 Conference is all set next week, Monday and Tuesday, in Bangkok. The EFN and Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom (FNF) have partnered with two think tanks in Bangkok as their co-sponsors.
Here is the program. Department of Justice (DOJ) Assistant Secretary Geronimo "Indian" Sy will be the keynote speaker. ASec "Indian" is a friend since about 2001 when he was among the key debaters of the pilipinasforum@yahoogroups that I co-moderated, with lots of discussions and debates daily, from 2001 to around 2004. There was no facebook or friendster or twitter then.
The panel discussions 2 and 3 will feature speakers from several Asian countries like India, Thailand, Philippines, S. Korea and Sri Lanka. The welcome dinner program looks interesting too, a philosophical dialogue between Lao Tzu and Confucius, wow! It may be like the Socratic dialogue in Plato's "The Republic". I will also join the short talk by EFN member think tanks and individual scholars as Minimal Government Thinkers is among the active members of EFN Asia.
Day 2, Tuesday, will be the presentation of the result of the EFW 2014 Report by the Fraser Institute.
Panel discussions 4 and 5 will feature another batch of speakers from other Asian economies: Malaysia, China, India, Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, plus the US.
What's my role in this conference aside from the short discussion about MG Thinkers during the welcome dinner on Monday? Secret for now, but it's related with a post-conference project.
Stay tuned, I will try to blog and tweet as many panel discussions as possible this coming Monday and Tuesday.
This Saturday, I will attend the Reading Club Salon 2013 of the Lion Rock Institute in Hong Kong. It is a full day round table discussion with the theme this year, "Democracy -- Past, Present and Future".
There are dozens of reading materials. Today I read Anti-Federalist Paper #3. This portion is cool.
'The only foreign, or at least evil foreign influence, must be obtained through corruption. Where the government is lodged in the body of the people, as in Switzerland, they can never be corrupted; for no prince, or people, can have resources enough to corrupt the majority of a nation; and if they could, the play is not worth the candle. The facility of corruption is increased in proportion as power tends by representation or delegation, to a concentration in the hands of a few. . . ."
Yes, the main external or foreign source of social disharmony or even decay, is corruption from within, internal and self-inflicted misery. And that is why the more concentration of power in few people, more is corruption unleashed. Thus, people should not give too much power to any few people, even if they look like angels, even if they act and sound like angels.
"Where the people are free there can be no great contrast or distinction among honest citizens in or out of office. In proportion as the people lose their freedom, every gradation of distinction, between the Governors and governed obtains, until the former become masters, and the latter become slaves.... Our people are capable of being made anything that human nature was or is capable of, if we would only have a little patience and give them good and wholesome institutions; but I see none such and very little prospect of such. Alas! I see nothing in my fellow-citizens, that will permit my still fostering the delusion, that they are now capable of sustaining the weight of SELF-GOVERNMENT: a burden to which Greek and Roman shoulders proved unequal."
I agree with the statement that if people are free, corruption, extortion and distrust of the rule of law will significantly decline. And I think the "self government" here refers to a state of civil society. People are mature and responsible enough to run their own lives, their own communities, without much coercion and central planning.
"If the body of the people will not govern themselves, and govern themselves well too, the consequence is unavoidable — a FEW will, and must govern them. Then it is that government becomes truly a government by force only, where men relinquish part of their natural rights to secure the rest, instead of an union of will and force, to protect all their natural rights, which ought to be the foundation of every rightful social compact."
Yes, failure of "self government" would mean the success of coercive government. But such coercion is limited to protecting the people's natural rights. Right to life, right to private property, right to liberty.
"As to any nation attacking a number of confederated independent republics … it is not to be expected, more especially as the wealth of the empire is there universally diffused, and will not be collected into any one overgrown, luxurious and effeminate capital to become a lure to the enterprising ambitious."
Nice term, "overgrown, luxurious and effeminate capital" as magnet for foreign invasion.
"In small independent States contiguous to each other, the people run away and leave despotism to reek its vengeance on itself; and thus it is that moderation becomes with them, the law of self-preservation."
This is possible, so long as people have the freedom to "vote with their feet" or mobility among people across countries and continentis relatively easy.


There is provided a method of providing a voice call service and an additional service to a circuit network terminal via a packet-based network, and a network architecture therefor. In the network architecture, a RAN provides a call service to the circuit network terminal, a mediation gateway makes the circuit network terminal recognized as a packet network terminal in the packet-based network by performing IP registration for the circuit network terminal. An access gateway provides predetermined traffic interfacing upon request from the mediation gateway and transmits voice traffic from the circuit network terminal to a terminal of a called party via the packet-based network.
본 발명은 무선통신 네트워크에 관한 것으로서, 특히 IMT-2000 시스템에서 회선 기반 네트워크(Circuit Based Network)를 지원하는 단말기에게 IP 코어 네트워크를 이용한 음성 통화 서비스 및 부가적인 서비스를 제공하기 위한 방법 및 네트워크 구조에 관한 것이다. The present invention relates to a method and network architecture for providing, in particular voice communication service and additional service using the IP core network to a terminal that supports circuit-switched network (Circuit Based Network) in the IMT-2000 system related to a wireless communication network, It relates.
IMT-2000(International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)은 현재 각 국가별로 개별적으로 운영되고 있는 다양한 이동전화 시스템(즉 legacy 시스템)의 규격을 통일하여, 하나의 단말기로 세계 어느 곳에서도 통신 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록 하는 차세대 이동통신 시스템이다. IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is to unify the standards of the current variety of mobile phone systems (eg legacy systems) that are individually operated in each country, to allow access to communication services anywhere in the world as one of the terminals a next generation mobile communication system. IMT-2000은 하나의 단말기를 통해 여러 가지 서비스와 접속할 수 있다. IMT-2000 can be connected to multiple services over a single handset. 예를 들어 사용자는 인터넷/인트라넷의 그래픽 접속, 멀티미디어 메일 교환, 대량의 데이터 파일 전송 등을 동시에 하면서 비디오 화상회의도 진행할 수 있다. For example, a user may also proceed with the Internet / intranet access graphics, multimedia, e-mail exchange, data files at the same time, the mass transfer of video conferencing. 또한 글로벌 로밍, 무선 비디오 서비스, 비디오 원격회의, 양방향 엔터테인먼트 등이 제공된다. It is also provided, such as global roaming, wireless video services, video teleconferencing, interactive entertainment.
특히 동기식 IMT-2000에서는 무선 액세스 네트워크(Radio Access Network: RAN)와의 정합, 코어 네트워크의 구성, 무선 패킷 데이터 네트워킹, 단말기 등의 세부 규격을 정의한다. In particular, the synchronous IMT-2000 in the radio access network: Defines the detailed specification such as (Radio Access Network RAN) with the mating configuration of the core network, the wireless packet data network, the terminal. 기본적으로 이러한 IMT-2000 시스템에서 는 패킷 기반의 네트워크에서 IP 주소를 할당받아 사용할 수 있는 단말기에게 패킷 기반의 음성 및 데이터 호 서비스를 제공하기 위한 all IP 코어 네트워크 구조를 가지기 때문에, 통상적인 회선 기반의 단말기에게 음성 통화 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 별도의 코어 네트워크를 구축할 필요가 있다. By default, since this IMT-2000 systems in the gajigi to terminals that can be allocated an IP address from the packet-based network, the all IP core network architecture for providing a packet-based voice and data call services, conventional circuit-switched in order to provide terminal services for voice calls, it is necessary to establish a separate core networks.
도 1은 동기식 IMT-2000 all IP 코어 네트워크의 구성도를 나타낸 것으로서, 여기서 실선은 음성 및 데이터 트래픽의 흐름을 나타낸 것이며 점선은 제어신호의 흐름을 나타낸 것임에 유의하여야 한다. As Figure 1 showing the configuration of a synchronous IMT-2000 all IP core network, where the solid line will showing the flow of voice and data traffic, the dashed line should be noted that will showing a flow of control signals.
도 1을 참조하면, 무선 액세스 네트워크(Radio Access Network: RAN)(110)는 알려진 바와 같이 다수개의 기지국들(Base Transceiver Subsystems: BTSs)(112)과 다수개의 기지국 제어기들(Base Station Controllers: BSCs)(114)과 이동성 관리부(Mobility Manager: MM)(116)를 포함한다. S: (BTSs Base Transceiver Subsystems) (112) and a plurality of base station controllers: 1, the radio access network (Radio Access Network RAN) (110) includes a plurality of base stations, as is known (Base Station Controllers: BSCs) 114 with mobility management: include (MM mobility manager) (116). 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)는 패킷 기반의 네트워크를 지원하는 단말기(10)(이하 패킷 네트워크 단말기라 한다.)뿐만이 아니라 회선 기반의 네트워크를 지원하는 단말기(15)(이하 회선 네트워크 단말기라 한다.)와도 무선채널을 연결할 수 있다. The radio access network 110 (hereinafter referred to as the line network terminal) the terminal 10 that supports a packet-based network (the packet is referred to as network devices) only as terminal 15 that supports a circuit-based network vorticity You can connect the wireless channel.
패킷 네트워크 단말기(10)는 세션 제어 관리부(Session Control Manager: SCM)(150) 및 홈 에이전트(Home Agent: HA)(180)에 이동 IP 주소(Mobile-IP Address)를 등록하고 세션 제어 관리부(150)의 제어하에 다른 가입자 시스템으로 연결된다. The packet network device (10) is a session control manager (Session Control Manager: SCM) (150) and a home agent (Home Agent: HA) register a mobile IP address (Mobile-IP Address) to 180 and the session control manager (150 ) it is connected to the other subscriber system under control. 패킷 네트워크 단말기(10)가 패킷 호 서비스를 요구하면 액세스 게이트웨이(Access Gateway: AG)(140)는 세션 제어 관리부(150)의 제어에 의하여 상대측 패킷 네트워크 단말기와 연결된 상대측 게이트웨이, 예를 들어 미디어게이트웨이(170)를 확인하고 세션을 초기화한다. When the packet network, the terminal 10 requests the packet call service access gateway (Access Gateway: AG) (140) is the other party gateway associated with the other end packet network terminal under control of the session control manager 150, for example, the media gateway ( OK 170) and initialize the session. 그러면 액세스 게이트웨이(140)는 IP 통신에 의해 미디어 게이트웨이(170)와 트래픽 패킷을 교환한다. The access gateway 140 may exchange the media gateway 170 and the packet traffic by IP communication.
상기된 바와 같이 동기식 IMT-2000의 all IP 코어 네트워크는 패킷 네트워크와 패킷 네트워크 단말기로 이루어져 VoIP(Voice Over IP) 및 IP 데이터 서비스를 제공한다. all IP core network in a synchronous IMT-2000 as described above is made up of a packet network and a packet network terminal provides the VoIP (Voice Over IP) and IP data service.
한편, 회선 네트워크 단말기(15)는 회선 네트워크 단말기 도메인(Circuit Network MS Domain)(130)의 제어하에 다른 가입자 시스템으로 연결된다. On the other hand, the line network terminal 15 under the control of the circuit network terminal domain (Circuit Network Domain MS) (130) is connected to another subscriber system. 여기서 회선 네트워크 단말기 도메인(130)은 회선 네트워크 단말기들의 호 접속 및 연결을 제어하는 이동 교환국(Mobile Switching Center: MSC) 서버(132)와, 이동 교환국 서버(132)에게 가입자 정보를 제공하는 홈 위치등록기(Home Location Register: HLR)(134)를 포함한다. The circuit network terminal domain 130 is a mobile switching center controlling a call connection, and connection of the circuit network terminal (Mobile Switching Center: MSC), a home location register for providing subscriber information to the server 132 and a mobile switching center server 132 It includes: (Home Location Register HLR) (134). 여기서 이동 교환국 서버(132)는 통상적인 무선통신 시스템의 이동 교환국과 동일하게 IS-41 규격의 인터페이스를 통해 홈 위치등록기(134)의 가입자 데이터베이스를 액세스하지만, 단지 회선 네트워크 단말기(15)가 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)를 통해 다른 가입자 시스템으로 연결되기 위한 제어 시그널링을 처리할 뿐 트래픽을 스위칭하지는 않는다. The mobile switching center server 132 is a conventional equal to the mobile switching center of a wireless communication system that via an interface of the IS-41 standard to access the subscriber database of the home location register 134, but only has a wireless access line network terminal 15 as to process the control signaling for connection to a different subscriber system over the network 110 it does not switch the traffic.
종래기술에 의하여 회선 네트워크 단말기가 음성 호를 연결하는 동작을 보다 상세히 설명하면 하기와 같다. If the circuit network by a terminal in the prior art described in more detail an operation for connecting a voice call is as follows.
회선 네트워크 단말기(15)가 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)를 통해 이동 교환국 서버(132)로 호 셋업을 요구하면 이동 교환국 서버(132)는 IS-41 인터페이스에 의해 홈 위치등록기(134)와 통신하여 가입자 인증 등의 알려진 절차를 수행한 후, 회선 네트워크 단말기(15)에게 무선 트래픽 채널을 할당할 것을 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)의 기지국(112)에게 지시한다. Line network terminal 15 is a subscriber to communicate with the wireless access network 110. When the mobile switching center server 132 request call setup through the mobile switching center server (132) is a home location register (134) by an IS-41 interface to after performing the authentication of the known procedures, such as network line terminal 15 to allocate a radio traffic channel indicates to the base station 112 of the radio access network (110). 이후 이동 교환국 서버(132)는 착신측 단말기를 확인하고 해당 착신측 단말기와 연결된 상대측 게이트웨이, 예를 들어 미디어 게이트웨이(170)에게 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)와 통신할 것을 요구한다. Since a mobile switching center server 132 checks the destination terminal mating gateway, associated with the destination terminal, and for example, it requests the media gateway 170 to communicate with a radio access network (110). 미디어 게이트웨이(170)는 상기 요구에 응답하여 무선 액세스 네트워크(110)와 직접 호 접속 경로를 설정한다. The media gateway 170 in response to the request and sets a direct call connection path and a radio access network (110). 그러면 회선 네트워크 단말기(15)는 상기 설정된 호 접속 경로를 통해 상대측 가입자 단말기와 음성 통화를 수행한다. The circuit network terminal 15 performs a voice call with the other party subscriber terminal via the established call connection path.
상기에서 설명한 바와 같이 동기식 IMT-2000 시스템의 기본 네트워크 모델은 별도의 네트워크 소자, 즉 회선 네트워크 단말기 지원부를 이용하여 회선 네트워크 단말기에 대한 기존 이동 교환국 기반의 음성 호 서비스를 지원하기 때문에 IP 통신을 통한 음성 호 서비스를 제공할 수 없다. Basic network model of a synchronous IMT-2000 system as described above, voice over IP communication, because it supports a separate network element, i.e. line network terminal voice call service in the conventional mobile switching center based on the line network terminal by using a support call can not provide the service. 즉, 동기식 IMT-2000 all IP 네트워크 모델에서는 기존의 IS-41 계열의 회선 기반 단말기에 대한 IP 서비스 특성(IP service feature)을 적용 및 수용할 것을 고려하고 있지 않다. That is, the synchronous IMT-2000 all IP network model, the IP does not have a service attribute (IP service feature) of the circuit-switched terminal of the existing IS-41 series considered applying and receiving.
이러한 경우 전체 네트워크는 두 가지의 서로 다른 서비스를 지원하기 위하여 두 개의 코어 네트워크(패킷 기반 네트워크와 회선 기반 네트워크)를 포함하는 형태가 되어야 하므로 네트워크 간접비용(overhead)이 많이 발생하게 될 뿐만 아니라 신규 IP 가입자와 기존 legacy 가입자간의 통합된 서비스를 제공할 수 없다. In this case the entire network as well be two core network (packet-based network and a circuit-switched network) must be of a type including a so network overhead (overhead) occurs much to support the two different services, not new IP We can not offer an integrated service between subscribers with existing legacy subscriber. 게다가 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 음성 호 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 이동 교환국 서버가 인증을 수행하고 무선 트래픽 채널을 할당한 이후 다시 무선 액세스 네트워크와 미디어 게이트웨이간에 호 접속 경로를 설정하여야만 한다는 부담을 가지게되며 이로 인하여 호 접속 지연이 발생하게 된다는 문제점이 발생하였다. In addition, in order to line the network terminal to provide voice call service, and have a burden of a mobile switching center server must perform the authentication, and establishing a call connection path between the back radio access network and the media gateway after assigning the radio traffic channel Due to this call connection the problem that the delays occurred.
따라서 상기한 바와 같이 동작되는 종래 기술의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 창안된 본 발명의 목적은, 회선 기반 네트워크와 패킷 기반의 네트워크간 게이트웨이 네트워크 소자를 제공함으로써 패킷 기반의 데이터 코어 네트워크에서 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 IP 통신을 통한 음성 호 서비스를 지원하는 방법 및 네트워크 구조를 제공하는 것이다. It is therefore an object of the present invention made to solve the problems of the prior art operated as described above, the circuit-switched network and the IP to a line network terminal by providing the gateway network elements between the network packet based on the packet based data core network to provide a method and network architecture that supports a voice call service over a communication.
본 발명의 다른 목적은, all IP 네트워크의 데이터 코어 네트워크에서 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 VoIP 서비스 및 부가적인 IP 서비스를 지원하기 위한 방법 및 네트워크 구조를 제공하는 것이다. Another object of the present invention to a line terminal in a data network the core network of the all IP network provides a method and network architecture to support the VoIP service and the IP additional services.
소정 시그널링 인터페이스를 통해 상기 중개 게이트웨이와 접속되며 상기 중개 게이트웨이의 요구에 응답하여 소정 트래픽 인터페이스를 제공하며, 상기 무선 액세스 네트워크와 접속되어 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 음성 트래픽을 상기 패킷 네트워크를 통해 상대측 단말기로 전달하는 액세스 게이트웨이를 포함한다. Connected to the mediation gateway the through predetermined signaling interface and is connected to the interface in response to the gateway needs, and provide the desired traffic interface, and the radio access network forwards the voice traffic of the line network terminal to the corresponding terminal via the packet network that includes an access gateway.
상기 IP 등록 요구에 응답하여 패킷 네트워크로부터 등록 결과가 수신되면 상기 무선 액세스 네트워크를 통해 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 상기 등록 결과를 전송하는 단계를 포함한다. When the IP in response to the registration request registration result is received from the packet network comprises network to the circuit terminal via the radio access network transmits the registration result.
상기 액세스 게이트웨이에서 상기 IP 프로토콜 정보를 이용하여 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기를 상기 패킷 네트워크로 연결하고 패킷 음성 호 서비스를 제공하는 단계를 포함한다. In the access gateway it includes a step of connecting the circuit network terminal using the IP protocol information to the packet network, and provide a packet voice call service.
도 1은 동기식 IMT-2000을 기반으로 하는 all IP 코어 네트워크의 구성도. Figure 1 shows the configuration of all IP core network based on synchronous IMT-2000.
도 2는 본 발명에 의하여 중개 게이트웨이를 포함하는 동기식 IMT-2000 all IP 코어 네트워크의 구성도. Figure 2 is a schematic view of a synchronous IMT-2000 all IP core network, comprising a mediation gateway by the present invention.
도 3은 본 발명에 의하여 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 음성 패킷 서비스를 제공하기 위한 네트워크 구조. Figure 3 is a network architecture for providing a VoIP network terminal to the line by the present invention.
도 4는 본 발명에 의한 중개 게이트웨이(230)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도면. Figure 4 is a diagram showing the main functions of a mediation gateway 230 according to the present invention.
도 5는 본 발명에 의한 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도면. 5 is a diagram showing the main functions of the packet network support 234 according to the present invention.
도 6은 본 발명에 의한 액세스 게이트웨이(250)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도면. Figure 6 is a diagram showing the main functions of the access gateway 250 according to the present invention.
도 7은 본 발명에 의한 IP 운송부(252)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도면. 7 is a diagram showing the main functions of the IP transport unit 252 according to the present invention.
도 8은 본 발명에 의한 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷 음성 호 발신 절차를 나타낸 메시지 흐름도. 8 is a message flow diagram illustrating the steps the voice packet call origination on the line network terminal according to the present invention.
도 9는 본 발명에 의한 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷 음성 호 착신 절차를나타낸 메시지 흐름도. 9 is a message flow diagram illustrating a packet forwarding process a voice call on the line network terminal according to the present invention.
이하 첨부된 도면을 참조하여 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예에 대한 동작 원리를 설명한다. It will be described the operation principle of a preferred embodiment of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. 도면상에 표시된 동일한 구성요소들에 대해서는 비록 다른 도면상에 표시되더라도 가능한 한 동일한 참조번호로 나타내었으며, 하기에서 본 발명을 설명함에 있어 관련된 공지 기능 또는 구성에 대한 구체적인 설명이 본 발명의 요지를 불필요하게 흐릴 수 있다고 판단되는 경우에는 그 상세한 설명을 생략할 것이다. For the same elements shown in the drawing, even though shown in different drawings were a indicated by the same reference number as possible, unnecessary the subject matter of the detailed description of known functions and configurations of this invention in the following description of the present invention in If it is determined that can be blurred, the detailed description thereof will be omitted. 그리고 후술되는 용어들은 본 발명에서의 기능을 고려하여 정의된 용어들로서 이는 사용자, 운용자의 의도 또는 관례 등에 따라 달라질 수 있다. And as will be described later terms are terms defined in consideration of functions of the present invention may vary according to users, operator's intention or practice. 그러므로 그 정의는 본 명세서 전반에 걸친 내용을 토대로 내려져야 할 것이다. Therefore, the definition should be made based on the contents across the specification.
도 2는 본 발명에 의하여 중개 게이트웨이를 포함하는 all IP 코어 네트워크(All Internet Protocol Core Network)의 구성도를 나타낸 것으로서, 여기서 실선은 음성 및 데이터 트래픽의 흐름을 나타낸 것이며 점선은 제어신호의 흐름을 나타낸 것임에 유의하여야 한다. 2 is as shown a block diagram of the all IP core network (All Internet Protocol Core Network) including the mediation gateway by the present invention, where the solid line will showing the flow of voice and data traffic, the dashed line showing a flow of control signals it should be noted that you will. 또한 이하에서 본 발명을 설명함에 있어서 통상적인 회선 기반 네트워크와 연결될 수 있는 단말기는 회선 네트워크 단말기라 하고 패킷 기반 네트워크와 연결될 수 있는 단말기는 패킷 네트워크 단말기라 하기로 한다. Also in the following description or less conventional circuit-switched network and a terminal that can be connected to the line network terminals LA and terminal that can be connected with packet-based networks it will be referred to a packet network terminal. 하나의 예로서 회선 네트워크 단말기는 1세대 또는 2세대 CDMA 통신을 지원하는 legacy 단말기가 될 수 있으며, 패킷 네트워크 단말기는 이동 IP 주소를 부여받아 IP 통신을 수행할 수 있는 IP 단말기가 될 수 있다. Line network terminal as an example may be a legacy station that supports the first-generation or second-generation CDMA communication, a packet network terminal may be an IP terminal that can perform IP communication receives a mobile IP address assigned.
도 2를 참조하면, 기본적으로 통상적인 all IP 코어 네트워크 구조에 나타낸 바와 동일한 네트워크 소자들과 추가적으로 회선 네트워크 단말기(15)의 시그널링을 위한 중개 게이트웨이(230)가 포함된다. Referring to Figure 2, it includes a basically conventional all intermediary IP gateway 230 for the signaling of the same core network elements shown in the network structure and further circuit network terminal 15. 네트워크 소자들로는 패킷 네트워크 단말기 및 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 이동 IP 주소를 할당하기 위한 홈 에이전트(Home Agent: HA)(290), 무선 액세스 네트워크(210)를 패킷 네트워크로 연결하는 액세스 게이트웨이(AGW)(250), VoIP 서비스를 위한 세션 제어 관리부(SCM)(260), PSTN 및 다른 네트워크와의 접속을 위한 미디어 게이트웨이(MG)(280), 패킷 네트워크상에서 단말기의 인증 및 과금을 수행하기 위한 적어도 하나의 AAA(Authentification, Authorization and Accounting computer) 서버(도시되지 않음), IP 주소와 그에 대응하는 도메인 네임(Domain Name)을 관리하는 도메인 네임 서버(Domain Name Server: DNS)(도시되지 않음)가 있다. Network elements include a home agent for assigning a mobile IP address to the packet network terminal and a line network device: Access to connect (Home Agent HA) (290), radio access network 210 to a packet network gateway (AGW), (250) at least one AAA for performing a session control manager (SCM) (260), PSTN, and the media gateway (MG) (280) for connection with another network, authentication and charging of the terminal on a packet network for a VoIP service ( there is DNS) (not shown): authentification, Authorization and Accounting computer) server (not shown), a domain name server to manage IP addresses and domain names (domain name) and the corresponding (domain name server. 또한 무선 액세스 네트워크(RAN)(210)는 무선 채널의 액세스를 위한 기지국(BTS)(212)과 기지국 제어기(BSC)(214)로 구성되며, 추가적으로 무선 액세스 네트워크 내에서 단말기의 위치등록을 위한 이동성 관리부(MM)(216)로 구성되어 있다. In addition, the radio access network (RAN) (210) is comprised of a base station (BTS) (212) and a base station controller (BSC) (214) for access to the radio channel, an additional radio access network mobility for the location registration of the terminal in It is composed of management (MM) (216). 여기서 기지국 제어기(214)는 기지국(212)과 인터페이스되는 BAN(BSC ATM Node)와 시그널링 관련 신호들을 중개 게이트웨이(230)로 연결하는 BMP(BSC Main Processor)와 트래픽 관련 신호들을 액세스 게이트웨이(250)로 연결하는 ATP(Air Termination Processor)를 포함한다. Here, in the base station controller 214. The base station 212 and the interface BAN (BSC ATM Node) and the intermediate signaling associated signaling gateway 230, an access gateway 250, a BMP (BSC Main Processor) and a traffic-related signal through to be and a connection ATP (Air Termination Processor) to.
도 3은 본 발명에 의하여 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 음성 패킷 서비스를 제공하기 위한 네트워크 구조를 나타낸 것이다. Figure 3 illustrates a network structure for providing a VoIP network terminal to the line by the present invention.
도 3을 참조하면, 중개 게이트웨이(230)는 IS-41 인터페이스 계열의 신호들을 IP 신호로 변환(convert) 또는 번역(translation)하며 주변의 다른 네트워크 소자들과 함께 회선 네트워크 단말기에 대한 음성 호 서비스를 수행한다. 3, the mediation gateway 230 IS-41 interface conversion (convert) the signal of the series to the IP signal, or translated (translation), and a voice call service to the line network terminals with the other network elements of the peripheral performed. 중개 게이트웨이(230)의 주된 기능에 대해서는 도 4에 도시되어 있다. For the main function of the mediation gateway 230 is illustrated in FIG. 도 4를 참조하면 중개 게이트웨이(230)는 크게 회선 네트워크 지원부(232)와 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)로 구분되며, 특히 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)의 주된 기능에 대해서는 도 5에 보다 상세하게 도시되어 있다. Referring to Figure 4 mediation gateway 230 may greatly be classified into circuit network support 232, and a packet network support 234, in particular, it is shown as Figure 5 in greater detail for the main function of the packet network support 234, .
도 4를 참조하면, 회선 네트워크 지원부(232)는 IS-41 인터페이스와 IOS A1 인터페이스와 이동성 관리를 지원한다. 4, the circuit network support 232 supports the IS-41 interface and IOS A1 interface and the mobility management. 여기서 IOS A1 인터페이스는 무선 액세스 네트워크(210)와의 연동을 위한 것이고, IS-41 인터페이스는 IS-41 네트워크의 홈 위치등록기와의 연동을 처리(Handling)하기 위한 것이며 이동성 관리는 회선 네트워크 상에서 페이징, 핸드오프, 위치등록 등을 수행하기 위한 것이다. The IOS A1 interface radio access is for interworking with the network (210), IS-41 interface being for processing (Handling) the interlocking of the home location register in the IS-41 network group and a mobility management is the paging and hand on the wire network for performing the off location registration and the like. 특히 IOS A1 인터페이스는 회선 기반 기지국 제어기와의 연결을 위하여 SS7(Signalling System No.7) 또는 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)을 이용하거나, 또는 All IP 네트워크 구조에 적용 가능하도록 IP 인터페이스를 이용한다. In particular IOS A1 interface, utilizes the IP interface to be applied to the circuit-switched base station using the SS7 (Signalling System No.7) or ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) for the connection, or All IP network architecture of the controller.
패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도 5를 참조하면, 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)는 세션 제어 관리부(260)와의 인터페이스를 위한 SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)과 인터넷 프로토콜(IP)과 액세스 게이트웨이(250)와의 인터페이스를 위한 MGCP(Media Gateway Control Protocol)을 지원한다. When diagram showing the main functions of the packet network support 234, 5, the packet network support 234 session SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and Internet Protocol (IP) and an access gateway for interfacing with the control management unit 260 ( 250) supports the MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) for an interface with. 여기서 미디어 게이트웨이(MG)와 미디어 게이트웨이 제어 기능블럭(MG Control Function block:MGCF)이 액세스 게이트웨이(250)와 중개 게이트웨이(230)로 구현되므로 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)와 액세스 게이트웨이(250)간의 인터페이스는 미디어 게이트웨이와 미디어 게이트웨이 제어 기능블럭간의 인터페이스인 MGCP와 기본적으로 동일하다. Wherein the media gateway (MG) and a media gateway control function blocks (MG Control Function block: MGCF) interface between the access gateway 250 and the intermediary are implemented by the gateway 230, the packet network support 234, and the access gateway 250 is the same as the interface between the MGCP and basic media gateway and a media gateway control function blocks.
회선 네트워크 지원부(232)는 IOS A1 인터페이스를 통해 사용자 프로필과 서비스 프로필과 서비스 품질 클래스 정보를 얻어 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)로 전달한다. Support line network 232 retrieves the user profile and the service profile and the quality of service class information through IOS A1 interface and passed to the packet network support 234. 여기서 사용자 프로필과 서비스 프로필과 서비스 품질 클래스 정보는 호 발신 요구 메시지인 CM Service Request Complete L3 info 메시지에 포함되어 기지국 제어기(214)로부터 중개 게이트웨이(230)로 수신된다. Here, it included in the user profile and the service profile information and QoS class information, call origination request message is a CM Service Request Complete L3 info message is received by the mediation gateway 230 from the base station controller 214. 사용자 프로필은 회선 네트워크 단말기의 고유한 식별정보로서 MIN(Mobile Identification Number)과 IMSI(International Mobile Station Identifier)와 ESN(Electronic Serial Number)과 우선순위 번호(Priority Number)와 가입자 URL(Uniform Resource Location)를 포함한다. User profiles (Mobile Identification Number) and IMSI (International Mobile Station Identifier) and ESN (Electronic Serial Number) and the priority number (Priority Number) and subscribers URL (Uniform Resource Location) MIN as the unique identification of the line network terminal It includes. 서비스 프로필은 착신측 전화번호(Called Party Number)와 부가서비스 정보와 서비스 옵션을 포함한다. Service profile includes the destination telephone number (Called Party Number) and the additional service information and service options. 서비스 품질 클래스 정보는 사용자의 요구에 따른 서비스 품질을 유지하기에 필요한 정보인데 하나의 예로서 서비스 품질 클래스 정보는 사용자가 요구한 자원 점유도, 즉 대역폭(bps)을 포함한다. The quality class service information is the information necessary to maintain the quality of service according to a user's request as an example quality of service class information includes also, that the bandwidth (bps) resources occupied by the user request. 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234)는 상기 사용자 프로필과 서비스 프로필과 서비스 품질 클래스 정보를 SIP의 등록(registration) 및 할당, 호 셋업(Call setup)을 위한 신호로 변환하여 IP 도메인에서 회선 네트워크 단말기가 패킷 네트워크 단말기로서 동작하도록 하기 위한 제어를 수행한다. Packet network support 234 is a packet network terminal circuit network terminal in the IP domain by converting the user profile and the service profile information and QoS class information to a register (registration), and assigning, a signal for call setup (Call setup) of the SIP performs control for to act as a.
도 6은 본 발명에 의한 액세스 게이트웨이(250)의 주된 기능을 나타낸 도면이다. Figure 6 is a diagram showing the main functions of the access gateway 250 according to the present invention. 도 6을 참조하면, 액세스 게이트웨이(250)는 기존의 액세스 게이트웨이와 동일한 기능을 수행하는 부분(254) 이외에 본 발명에 의한 동작을 수행하는 부분인 IP 운송부(IP Bearer)(252)를 추가로 구비한다. 6, the access gateway 250 to add the portion 254 in addition to IP transport unit (IP Bearer) (252) portion for performing an operation according to the present invention, which performs the same function as an existing access gateway and a. 부분(254)은 RP 인터페이스(Radio-Packet Interface)에 따라 무선 액세스 네트워크(210)에 연결되며 IP 패킷 데이터 서비스를 위한 기능을 수행한다. Portion 254 is connected to the radio access network 210 in accordance with interface RP (Radio-Packet Interface) performs the function for the IP packet data service.
액세스 게이트웨이(250)의 IP 운송부(252)는 RP 인터페이스와 유사하게 구현되는 운송 인터페이스(Bearer Interface)에 따라 무선 액세스 네트워크(210)에 연결되는데, IP 운송부(252)의 주된 기능은 도 7에 상세하게 도시되어 있다. The main feature 7 of the access gateway 250 of the IP transport unit 252 according to Transport Interface (Bearer Interface) are implemented similarly to the RP interface are connected to the radio access network (210), IP transport 252 It is shown in detail in. 도 7을 참조하면, IP 운송부(252)는 중개 게이트웨이(230)의 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234) 및 세션 제어 관리부(260)와의 인터페이스를 위한 H.248을 지원하며, 또한 패킷 네트워크를 통해 세션이 초기화된 이후 트래픽 패킷을 전송하기 위하여 IP, UDP(User Datagram Protocol) 또는 TCP(Transport Control Protocol)를 지원한다. 7, the IP and transport unit 252 supports H.248 for an interface with a packet network support 234, and session control management unit 260 of the mediation gateway 230, and a session through the packet network In order to transfer after the initialization packet traffic and supports IP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or (transport Control Protocol) TCP. IP 운송부(252)는 액세스 게이트웨이(230)의 패킷 네트워크 지원부(234) 및 세션 제어 관리부(260)와 함께 IP 패킷 음성 호를 위한 시그널링을 지원하는 한편, IP 패킷을 종결(termination)시켜 IP 음성 트래픽의 종단점(endpoint) 역할을 수행하기 위하여 RTP(Real-time Transport Protocol)를 추가적으로 지원한다. To IP transport 252 to support signaling for IP packet voice calls with packet network support 234, and the session control manager 260 of the access gateway 230. On the other hand, terminates the IP packet (termination) IP voice It supports the RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) to perform the end point (endpoint) role of additional traffic. 이로써 IP 트래픽은 회선 네트워크의 트래픽 채널과 인터페이스된다. This IP traffic will interface with the traffic channel of the line network.
이하 상기에서 설명된 네트워크 소자들이 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 패킷 음성 호 서비스를 제공하는 절차에 대하여 상세히 설명한다. The network elements described below are the procedures will be described in detail to provide a packet voice call service to a circuit network terminal.
회선 네트워크 단말기가 패킷 음성 호 서비스를 제공받기 위해서는 회선 네트워크에 위치등록을 수행하는 한편 패킷 네트워크에 IP 주소의 등록을 수행하여야 하는데, 이러한 절차는 중개 게이트웨이에 의하여 수행된다. Line to a network device, the packet to be performed to register the IP address in the packet network while performing a location registration to the line network in order to receive a voice call service, this procedure is performed by the mediation gateway.
먼저 위치등록 절차에 대하여 설명하면 하기와 같다. First will be described as follows with respect to the position registration procedure.
회선 네트워크 단말기가 무선 액세스 네트워크로 registration message를 전송하면 이에 응답하여 무선 액세스 네트워크는 중개 게이트웨이에게 Location update message를 전송한다. If the circuit network terminal transmits a registration message to a radio access network to respond to the radio access network sends an update message to the mediation gateway Location. 중개 게이트웨이는 방문자 위치등록기(Visitor Location Register: VLR)가 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 가입자 정보를 이미 가지고 있는지 검사하고, 만일 방문자 위치등록기가 가입자 정보를 가지고 있는 경우 무선 액세스 네트워크에게 위치 갱신이 허용되었음을 알린다. Brokerage gateway visitor location register: check (Visitor Location Register VLR) already has a subscriber information of the line network device and, if notifies the visitor location register group location update is acceptable to the radio access network, if you have the subscriber information.
만일 방문자 위치등록기가 가입자 정보를 가지고 있지 않는 경우 중개 게이트웨이는 가입자 정보를 얻기 위하여 홈 위치등록기(HLR)에게 Authentication request 메시지를 전송한다. If the visitor location register does not have subscriber group information mediation gateway sends an Authentication request message to a home location register (HLR) to obtain the subscriber information. 홈 위치등록기는 상기 Authentication request 메시지에 응답하여 가입자 데이터베이스를 갱신하고 중개 게이트웨이에게 가입자 정보를 전송하여 방문자 위치등록기의 데이터베이스를 갱신하도록 한다. A home location register is to update the database of the visitor location register updates the subscriber database in response to the Authentication request message and sends the subscriber information to the mediation gateway. 이때 만일 이전에 이미 등록되었던 단말기라면 홈 위치등록기는 이전에 등록된 중개 게이트웨이에게 가입자 정보를 포함하는 응답을 전송한다. At this time, If the previous device was already registered in the home location register sends to the mediation gateway previously registered, a response including the subscriber information.
상기와 같이 위치등록이 완료되면 IP 등록이 수행된다. When the position registration is completed as described above, the IP registration is performed.
즉, 홈 위치등록기로부터 가입자 정보를 수신한 중개 게이트웨이는 세션 제어 관리자에게 회선 네트워크 단말의 가입자 URL을 포함하는 SIP registrationmessage를 보내어 IP 등록을 요구한다. That is, the mediation gateway receives the subscriber information from the home location register requests an IP registration by sending a SIP registrationmessage including a URL of the subscriber line network terminal to the session control manager. 여기서 상기 가입자 URL은 사용자 프로필에 포함되어 있다. Wherein the access URL is included in the user profile. 이때 중개 게이트웨이는 MSID@사업자도메인네임.co.kr 등으로 표시된 MS-ID를 단말기의 URL(Uniform Resource Location)로서 표기하여 SIP 등록을 요구한다. The mediation gateway to the title indicated by the MSID MSID @ operator domain name such as .co.kr (Uniform Resource Location) URL of the SIP terminal requests registration. 세션 제어 관리자는 AAA 서버에게 authentication request 메시지를 전송하고 AAA 서버로부터 응답을 수신한다. The session control manager sends an authentication request message to the AAA server, and receive a response from the AAA server. 이때 상기 등록을 요구받은 세션 제어 관리자가 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 홈이 아닌 경우 상기 세션 제어 관리자는 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 홈 세션 제어 관리자에게 이를 알려 상기 홈 세션 제어 관리자가 SIP 등록을 수행할 수 있도록 한다. At this time, if the received request to the registration session control manager non-groove of the line network device the session control manager to notify the home session control manager of the line network the terminal is the home session control manager to perform the SIP registration . 세션 제어 관리자는 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 이동 IP 주소를 할당하고, 상기 할당된 이동 IP 주소를 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 위치(중개 게이트웨이)와 상호 연관하여 저장한다. Session control manager allocates a mobile IP address to the line network terminal, and stores the correlated to the position (the intermediate gateway) that the assigned mobile IP address, the circuit network terminal.
IP 주소의 등록 과정이 완료되어 세션 제어 관리자는 이를 중개 게이트웨이에게 알리면 중개 게이트웨이는 무선 액세스 네트워크에게 위치 등록이 성공적으로 수행되었음을 알린다. The registration process is completed and the IP address of the session control administrator intermediary gateway notifies them to the intermediary gateway informs that the location registration is performed successfully to the wireless access network. 그러면 무선 액세스 네트워크는 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 Registration Accepted order message를 전송하여 위치 등록이 정상적으로 수행되었음을 알린다. The radio access network is informed that the location registration is performed successfully by sending to the network line terminal Registration Accepted message order.
이와 같은 모든 등록 절차가 완료되면 중개 게이트웨이에서는 링크계층에서 회선 네트워크 단말기의 이동성 관리를 담당하게 되고 세션 제어 관리자는 IP 계층에서의 회선 네트워크 단말기의 이동성 관리를 담당하게 된다. When the above all of the registration process is complete, the mediation gateway is responsible for mobility management of the network line terminal in the link layer is the session control manager is responsible for the mobility management of the network line terminal in the IP layer. 이로써 회선 네트워크 단말기는 패킷 네트워크상에서 패킷 네트워크 단말기로 인식될 수 있다. This circuit network terminal may be recognized as a packet network terminal over the packet network.
상기와 같은 절차에 의해 위치등록 및 IP 등록을 완료한 회선 네트워크 단말기는 발신 또는 착신에 의해 패킷 호 서비스를 제공받을 수 있다. Registered position by the procedures described above and the circuit network terminal has completed the IP registration may be provided with a packet call service by the calling or called party.
도 8은 본 발명에 의한 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷 음성 호 발신 절차를 나타낸 메시지 흐름도이다. 8 is a message flow diagram illustrating a packet outgoing voice call in the process line, network terminal according to the present invention.
도 8에 도시된 메시지 흐름을 상술한 도 3 내지 도 7의 구성을 참조하여 살펴보면, 자신의 현재 위치에 대한 위치등록 및 IP 등록 절차를 완료한 회선 네트워크 단말기는 회선 네트워크의 알려진 무선 인터페이스 규격(즉 IS-2000)에 따라 무선 액세스 네트워크로 음성 호 발신을 요구하기 위한 Origination Message를 전송한다. Fig look with reference to the message flow structure of the above-described Figures 3 to 7, a shown in Fig. 8, completing the location registration and IP registration procedure for its current location line network device known air interface of the circuit network standard (i.e. in accordance with the iS-2000) and transmits the origination Message to request a voice call outgoing to a radio access network. 이를 수신한 무선 액세스 네트워크는 IOS A1 인터페이스를 통해 중개 게이트웨이로 CM Service Request 메시지를 전송한다. Upon receiving this, the radio access network transmits a CM Service Request message to the mediation gateway via IOS A1 interface. 그러면 중개 게이트웨이는 무선 액세스 네트워크로 Assignment Request 메시지를 전송하여 무선채널의 할당을 허용하는 한편 세션 제어 관리자에게 SIP invite 메시지를 전송하여 세션의 연결을 요청한다. The mediation gateway to the other hand to the session control manager which allows the allocation of the radio channel by sending the Assignment Request message to the radio access network transmits a SIP invite message is a request for connection of the session.
그러면 세션 제어 관리자는 상기 SIP invite 메시지에 응답하여 도메인 이름 서버(Domain Name Server: DNS)에게 착신하고자 하는 상대측 단말기의 IP 주소 번역을 요청하고 그에 대한 응답을 수신한 뒤, 해당하는 상대측 단말기에게 Invite 메시지를 전송하여 세션 연결을 요청한다. The session control manager is a domain name server in response to the SIP invite message: Invite message to the corresponding terminal, which then requests the IP address translation of the corresponding terminal to be called to (Domain Name Server DNS) to receive a response to it, the by sending a request for session connection. 상대측 단말기로부터 세션 제어 관리자를 통하여 중개 게이트웨이로 응답(SIP Trying Message)이 수신되면, 중개 게이트웨이는 H.248을 통해 액세스 게이트웨이에게 H.248에 따른 세션 Create 메시지를 전송하여 회선 네트워크 단말기를 위한 IP 통신을 요구한다. When the session control manager through the corresponding terminal from the intermediate response (SIP Message Trying) is received at a gateway, the mediation gateway IP communication line for a network terminal sends a session Create message according to the H.248 gateway to access via the H.248 demands. 여기서 상기 Create 메시지는 발신 회선 네트워크 단말기에 대응하여 생성된 IP 프로토콜 정보를 포함한다. And wherein the message comprises a Create IP protocol information generated in response to calling line network terminals. 보다 상세히 설명하면, 회선 네트워크 단말기는 IP 통신을 위한 IP 프로토콜을 처리할 수 없기 때문에 호 발신 요청시 중개 게이트웨이는 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 할당된 IP 주소를 이용하여 대응하는 IP 프로토콜 정보를 생성하여 두고, 회선 네트워크 단말기가 패킷 호를 요청하면 이를 액세스 게이트웨이에게 전송한다. To be more specific, circuit network terminal mediation during call origination request, because it is not possible to process the IP protocol for IP communication gateway with generating the IP protocol information using an IP address assigned to the line network terminals, line When a network terminal requests the packet call and transmits it to the access gateway. 액세스 게이트웨이는 상기 수신된 IP 프로토콜 정보를 이용하여 회선 네트워크 단말기가 패킷 네트워크 상에서 패킷 네트워크 단말기처럼 인식될 수 있도록 한다. Access gateway so that it can be recognized as a line, network terminal devices on a packet network packet network using the received IP protocol information.
상기 Create 메시지를 중개 게이트웨이로부터 수신한 액세스 게이트웨이는 로컬 AAA 서버와 홈 AAA 서버를 통해 상대측 단말기와 IP 통신에서 알려진 절차에 따른 메시지들을 교환하여 회선 네트워크 단말기 인증을 수행하고 발신측(회선 네트워크 단말기)과 착신측(상대측 단말기)간에 통신을 위한 자원을 예비할 수 있도록 한다. The Create an access gateway receives a message from the mediation gateway local AAA server and the home through the AAA server exchange messages according to a known procedure from the corresponding terminal and the IP communication by performing a line network device authentication, and the calling party (line network terminal) It makes it possible to reserve resources for the communication between the called party (corresponding terminal). 자원의 예비가 완료되면 액세스 게이트웨이는 중개 게이트웨이에게 MGCP에 따른 응답 메시지를 전송하여 IP 통신을 위한 준비가 완료되었음을 알린다. After the completion of the preliminary resource access gateway announces that is ready for IP communication to a mediation gateway sends a response message according to MGCP.
한편 세션 제어 관리자는 중개 게이트웨이에게 상기 응답(SIP Trying Message)을 전송한 이후, 액세스 게이트웨이에게 SIP Session Progress 메시지를 전송하여 IP 음성 호 설정을 요구한다. The session control manager sends a subsequent, SIP Session Progress message to the access gateway, sending the response (SIP Message Trying) to the mediation gateway to request the IP voice call setup. 그러면 액세스 게이트웨이는 무선 액세스 네트워크에게 호 셋업을 위한 Setup Request 메시지를 전송하고 그에 대한 응답으로 Setup Request Ack 메시지를 수신한다. The Access Gateway receives a Setup Request Ack message in response to transmission thereof to Setup Request message for call setup to the radio access network. 이때 무선 액세스 네트워크는 무선 네트워크 상에서 알려진 절차에 따라 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 무선 트래픽 채널을 할당하고 서비스 접속을 완료한 뒤 중개 게이트웨이에게 Assignment Complete 메시지를 전송한 상태이다. The radio access network is a gateway to the brokerage after assigning the radio traffic channel to the circuit network terminal in accordance with the known process on a wireless network and completes the service connection state, transfer the Assignment Complete message. 따라서 회선 네트워크 단말기는 액세스 게이트웨이를 통하여상대측 단말기와 IP 통신에 의한 음성 통화를 수행할 수 있다. Thus line network terminal can perform a voice call by the corresponding terminal and IP communication via the access gateway.
상기 음성 통화 수행시 회선 네트워크 단말기는 물리 계층, 즉 무선 계층의 프로토콜만을 처리하며 액세스 게이트웨이는 그 이상의 계층, 즉 링크 계층과 네트워크 계층의 프로토콜을 처리한다. Line network device in performing the voice call is processed only the protocol of the physical layer, that is, the radio layer, and an access gateway handles the protocol of the higher layer, i.e., the link layer and the network layer. 이로써 회선 단말기는 패킷 네트워크를 통해 상대측 단말기와 음성 호를 연결할 수 있다. This line terminal may be connected to the corresponding terminal with a voice call over a packet network. 여기서 상대측 단말기는 IP 주소를 가지는 패킷 네트워크 단말기인 것으로 가정하였으나 상대측 단말기가 일반 PSTN 단말기인 경우 상기의 절차들이 미디어 게이트웨이에 대하여 유사하게 적용될 수 있음은 명백한 것이다. Here, the corresponding terminal is that the procedure in the case where although assumed to be a packet network terminal having the IP address of the corresponding terminal common PSTN terminal can be applied in analogy for the media gateway is apparent.
도 9는 본 발명에 의한 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷 음성 호 착신 절차를 나타낸 메시지 흐름도이다. Figure 9 is a message flow diagram illustrating a packet forwarding process a voice call on the line network terminal according to the present invention. 여기서 회선 네트워크 단말기는 자신의 현재 위치에 대한 위치등록 및 IP 등록 절차를 완료한 것으로 한다. The circuit network terminal to completing the location registration and IP registration procedure for its current location.
도 9에 도시된 메시지 흐름을 상술한 도 3 내지 도 7의 구성을 참조하여 살펴보면, PSTN 단말기가 회선 네트워크 단말기와의 호 연결을 위하여 PSTN으로 호 발신을 요구하면, PSTN은 미디어 게이트웨이에게 호 발신을 위한 IAM(Initial Address Message)을 전송한다. When FIG Referring to the above-described the message flow shown in Fig. 9 to Fig. 3 to the configuration of Figure 7, PSTN terminal requires the PSTN call origination for a call connection to the line network terminal, PSTN is a calling to a media gateway No. for transmits the IAM (Initial Address Message). 그러면 미디어 게이트웨이는 SIP Invite 메시지를 세션 제어 관리자로 전송하여 상대측 단말기 또는 에이전트(예를 들어 미디어 게이트웨이), 즉 회선 네트워크 단말기의 트래픽 에이전트와의 세션 연결을 요구한다. The media gateway sends a SIP Invite message to the session control manager requests the session connection to the corresponding terminal or agents (e.g. media gateway), that the line network terminals of the traffic agents. 그러면 세션 제어 관리자는 홈 AAA 서버에게 Location Query 메시지를 전송하여 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷 네트워크상의 위치(즉 트래픽 에이전트의 위치)를 질문하고 이에 대하여 Response 메시지를 수신한다. The session control manager will query the home location on the packet network of the AAA server to the Location Query message sent by the network terminal to the line (that is the location of the traffic agents) and receive a Response message with respect to this. 이때 회선 네트워크 단말기의 패킷네트워크 상의 위치는 회선 네트워크 단말기의 IP 주소가 등록된 중개 게이트웨이를 의미한다. The location on the packet network of the circuit network device refers to the mediation gateway, the IP address of the network terminal registered line.
상기 Response 메시지를 수신한 세션 제어 관리자는 해당하는 중개 게이트웨이에게 SIP Invite 메시지를 전송하여 세션 연결을 요청한다. The Response message, the session control manager receiving by the intermediary to the gateway sending the SIP Invite message, and requests the session connection. 그러면 중개 게이트웨이는 무선 액세스 네트워크로 Setup 메시지를 전송하고 그에 대한 응답으로 Page Request 메시지를 수신한 후, 무선 액세스 네트워크에게 Page 메시지를 전송하여 호출을 요구한다. The mediation gateway requires After sending the Setup message to the radio access network receives a Page Request message in response thereto, the call by sending a Page message to the radio access network. 이후 중개 게이트웨이는 무선 액세스 네트워크 및 회선 네트워크 단말기와 IOS A1 인터페이스 및 IS-2000 무선 인터페이스에 따른 메시지들을 교환하여 회선 네트워크 단말기를 호출하고 음성 통화를 위한 무선 트래픽 채널을 할당한다. After mediation gateway calling line network terminal by exchanging messages according to a radio access network and a line network with handset IOS A1 interface and the IS-2000 air interface and assign the radio traffic channel for voice communication.
회선 네트워크 단말기가 호출에 응답하고 무선 액세스 네트워크로부터 Connect 메시지가 수신되면 중개 게이트웨이는 세션 제어 관리자에게 SIP Progress 메시지를 전송하여 이를 알린다. When the circuit network terminal answers the call and Connect message is received from the radio access network mediation gateway announces this by sending a SIP Progress message to the session control manager. 또한 채널 할당이 완료되고 중개 게이트웨이로 Assignment Complete 메시지를 전송하고 나면 무선 액세스 네트워크는 액세스 게이트웨이에게 셋업을 요구하고(Setup Request) 그에 대한 응답(Setup Request Ack)을 수신한다. After complete addition, the allocated channel is sent the Assignment Complete message to the mediation gateway, a radio access network requires the setup to the access gateway receives a (Setup Request) response (Setup Request Ack) to it. 이후 중개 게이트웨이는 액세스 게이트웨이에게 MGCP에 따른 Create 메시지를 전송하여 회선 네트워크 단말기를 위하여 미리 생성된 IP 프로토콜 정보를 전송한다. After mediation gateway to an access gateway to transmit the message in accordance with the MGCP Create sends a pre-generated IP protocol information to the line network terminals. 액세스 게이트웨이는 상기 IP 프로토콜 정보에 포함된 IP 주소를 이용하여 패킷 네트워크 상에서 인증을 수행한 뒤 중개 게이트웨이에게 OK 메시지를 전송하여 응답한다. The access gateway in response to a mediation gateway after authentication was performed on a packet network using the IP address included in the IP protocol reporting the OK message.
상기에 설명된 바와 같은 절차들에 의하여 회선 네트워크 단말기로 호가 착신되면 액세스 게이트웨이는 회선 네트워크 단말기와 음성 경로를 연결하고 또한 PSTN과 RTP(Real-time Transport Protocol)에 따른 음성 경로를 연결하여 음성 통화에 필요한 준비를 완료한다. And when a call incoming to the line network terminal by the procedures as described in the access gateway is connected to the voice path and the circuit network terminal and also connected to the voice path of the PSTN and the RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) for voice calls to complete the necessary preparations. 따라서 회선 네트워크 단말기는 액세스 게이트웨이를 통하여 상대측 단말기와 IP 통신에 의한 음성 통화를 수행할 수 있다. Thus line network terminal can perform a voice call by the corresponding terminal and IP communication via the access gateway. 발신 절차에서와 마찬가지로 상기 음성 통화 수행시 회선 네트워크 단말기는 물리 계층, 즉 무선 계층의 프로토콜만을 처리하며 액세스 게이트웨이는 그 이상의 계층, 즉 링크 계층과 네트워크 계층의 프로토콜을 처리한다. As in the procedure calling line network terminal during the voice call to perform the process only the protocol of the physical layer, that is, the radio layer, and an access gateway handles the protocol of the higher layer, i.e., the link layer and the network layer.
한편 본 발명의 상세한 설명에서는 구체적인 실시예에 관해 설명하였으나, 본 발명의 범위에서 벗어나지 않는 한도 내에서 여러 가지 변형이 가능함은 물론이다. While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, various modifications are possible within the limits that do not depart from the scope of the invention. 그러므로 본 발명의 범위는 설명된 실시예에 국한되지 않으며, 후술되는 특허청구의 범위뿐만 아니라 이 특허청구의 범위와 균등한 것들에 의해 정해져야 한다. While the invention is not limited to the described embodiment, it should be, as well as the claims below and their equivalents defined by the scope of the appended claims.
이상에서 상세히 설명한 바와 같이 동작하는 본 발명에 있어서, 개시되는 발명중 대표적인 것에 의하여 얻어지는 효과를 간단히 설명하면 다음과 같다. In the present invention which operates as described in detail above, it will be briefly described the effect obtained by certain exemplary invention disclosed as follows.
본 발명은, IS-41과 IP간 게이트웨이 네트워크 소자를 제안하여 기존의 fork시 단말기에 대해서 IP 서비스를 제공할 수 있으므로 IP 네트워크를 통한 다양한 인터액티브 호, 즉 개인 호 및 그룹 호 등의 부가적인 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. The present invention, additional services such as IS-41 and IP-gateway proposed a network element in a variety of interactivity with IP network call can provide an IP service on an existing fork when the terminal, i.e., individual calls and group calls It can provide. 또한 단일의 코어 네트워크를 구성함으로써 네트워크 간접비용을 절감하고 그 이용도를 높일 뿐만 아니라 회선 기반의 네트워크에 all IP 네트워크 서비스의 도입을 용이하게 한다. In addition, it reduces the network overhead by configuring a single core network and facilitates the introduction of the all IP network services to the circuit-switched network as well as to increase the availability. 게다가 동기식과 비동기식 IMT-2000 네트워크를 IP 네트워크로 용이하게 통합할 수 있다. In addition, it is possible to easily integrate synchronous and asynchronous IMT-2000 network to the IP network.
소정 시그널링 인터페이스를 통해 상기 중개 게이트웨이와 접속되며 상기 중개 게이트웨이의 요구에 응답하여 소정 트래픽 인터페이스를 제공하며, 상기 무선 액세스 네트워크와 접속되어 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 음성 트래픽을 상기 패킷 네트워크를 통해 상대측 단말기로 전달하는 액세스 게이트웨이를 포함함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. Connected to the mediation gateway the through predetermined signaling interface and is connected to the interface in response to the gateway needs, and provide the desired traffic interface, and the radio access network forwards the voice traffic of the line network terminal to the corresponding terminal via the packet network the network structure, characterized in that it comprises an access gateway.
상기 회선 네트워크 지원부로부터 수신된 상기 사용자 프로필과 서비스 프로필 및 서비스품질 클래스 정보를 SIP 등록과 할당 및 호 셋업 처리를 위한 신호로 변환하여 상기 패킷 네트워크로 전송하는 패킷 네트워크 지원부를 포함함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. Above, it characterized in that it comprises a packet network support for transmitting the user profile received from the circuit network support and service profile and quality of service class information to the packet network and converts into a signal for the SIP registration and allocation and call setup network architecture.
제 2 항에 있어서, 상기 회선 네트워크 지원부는 상기 무선 액세스 네트워크와의 접속을 위한 IOS A1 인터페이스 지원과 홈 위치등록기(HLR)와의 접속을 위한 IS-41 인터페이스 지원 및 회선 네트워크 단말기의 이동성 관리를 수행함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. The method of claim 2, wherein the circuit network support is the performing mobility management of the IS-41 interfaces and line network terminal for IOS A1 interface support and a home location register (HLR) connected with for connection with the radio access network the network structure according to claim.
제 3 항에 있어서, 상기 IOS A1 인터페이스는 SS7 또는 ATM 인터페이스임을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. The method of claim 3, wherein the network structure, characterized in that the IOS A1 interface SS7 or ATM interfaces.
제 2 항에 있어서, 상기 패킷 네트워크 지원부는 상기 패킷 네트워크 상에서 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 인증과 과금을 수행함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. The method of claim 2, wherein said packet network is the network support structure, characterized by carrying out the authentication and billing of the network line terminal on said packet network.
제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 액세스 게이트웨이는, 상기 패킷 네트워크의 트래픽 패킷을 종결(termination)시켜 상기 회선 네트워크의 무선 트래픽 채널로 인터페이스함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. The method of claim 1, wherein the access gateway, to terminate (termination) the packet traffic in the packet network, wherein the network structure, characterized in that the interface to the radio traffic channel of the line network.
제 1 항에 있어서, 소정 시그널링 인터페이스를 통해 상기 중개 게이트웨이와 접속되며 상기 중개 게이트웨이의 요구에 응답하여 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기의 음성 패킷 호 서비스를 위한 세션 연결을 제어하는 세션 제어 관리자를 더 포함함을 특징으로 하는 상기 네트워크 구조. According to claim 1, being connected with the intermediate gateways the through predetermined signaling interface further includes a session control manager for controlling the session connection for a voice packet call service of the line network terminal by the interface in response to the gateway request the network structure according to.
상기 IP 등록 요구에 응답하여 패킷 네트워크로부터 등록 결과가 수신되면 상기 무선 액세스 네트워크를 통해 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기에게 상기 등록 결과를 전송하는 단계를 포함함을 특징으로 하는 상기 방법. The method if the response to the IP registration request registration result is received from the packet network to the circuit network terminal via the radio access network characterized in that it comprises the step of transmitting the registration result.
상기 액세스 게이트웨이에서 상기 IP 프로토콜 정보를 이용하여 상기 회선 네트워크 단말기를 상기 패킷 네트워크로 연결하고 패킷 음성 호 서비스를 제공하는 단계를 포함함을 특징으로 하는 상기 방법. The method in the access gateway characterized by comprising the step of coupling the circuit network terminal using the IP protocol information to the packet network, and provide a packet voice call service.