The effects of the aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms in patients with Panic Disorder (PD) remain unclear. Thus, the investigation of possible changes in EEG frontal asymmetry could contribute to understand the relationship among exercise, brain and anxiety.
To investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on the symptoms of anxiety and the chronic effects of aerobic exercise on severity and symptoms related to PD, besides the changes in EEG frontal asymmetry.
Ten PD patients were divided into two groups, Exercise Group (EG; n=5) and Control Group (CG; n=5), in a randomized allocation. At baseline and post-intervention, they submitted the psychological evaluation through Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), EEG frontal asymmetry, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). On the second visit, the patients of EG being submitted to the aerobic exercise (treadmill, 25 minutes, and 50-55% of heart rate reserve) and the CG remained seated for the same period of time. Both groups submitted a psychological evaluation with Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) at baseline, immediately after (Post-0), and after 10 minutes of the rest pause (Post-10). The patients performed 12 sessions of aerobic exercise with 48-72 hours of interval between sessions.
In EG, SUDS increased immediately after exercise practice and showed chronic decrease in BAI and BDI-II as well as increased in VO2max (Post-intervention).
Aerobic exercise can promote increase in anxiety acutely and regular aerobic exercise promotes reduction in anxiety levels.
Keywords: Exercise, Aerobic exercise, Anxiety, EEG frontal asymmetry, Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorder.
© 2018 Lattari et al.
Panic Disorder (PD) can be characterized by recurrent and unexpected Panic Attacks (PAs) where at least one of the attacks was followed by a persistent concern about new attacks and their consequences for a period of one month or more [1Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th ed. 4th ed.2000.]. Lifetime prevalence of PD is 1.7% with a median age of onset by 32 years and 80.4% of persons with lifetime PD had a comorbid mental disorder [2De Jonge P, Roest AM, Lim CC, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33(12): 1155-77.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22572] [PMID: 27775828] ]. Besides PD associations with mental disorders, it is also associated with clinical comorbidities [3Soares-Filho GL, Freire RC, Biancha K, et al. Use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a cardiac emergency room: Chest pain unit. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64(3): 209-14.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000300011] [PMID: 19330247] ], loss of productivity, well-being, social contact and self-realization [4Marciniak M, Lage MJ, Landbloom RP, Dunayevich E, Bowman L. Medical and productivity costs of anxiety disorders: Case control study. Depress Anxiety 2004; 19(2): 112-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10131] [PMID: 15022146] ], causing considerable health costs [5Konnopka A, Leichsenring F, Leibing E, König HH. Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in anxiety disorders: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2009; 114(1-3): 14-31.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.014] [PMID: 18768222] ].
First-line treatments for PD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, calcium channel modulator pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants [6Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. The world journal of biological psychiatry: The Off J World Fed Soc Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9(4): 248-312.], and benzodiazepines [7Chouinard G. Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: Potency, withdrawal, and rebound. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(Suppl. 5): 7-12.[PMID: 15078112] ]. However, long-term tolerability issues associated with antidepressants and benzodiazepines exposure should also be carefully considered [8Bighelli I, Trespidi C, Castellazzi M, et al. Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 9: CD011567.[PMID: 27618521] ]. In addition, 20% of PD patients are refractory to standard treatments [9Holt RL, Lydiard RB. Management of treatment-resistant panic disorder. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2007; 4(10): 48-59.[PMID: 20428311] ]. Within this context, potential treatment options for PD patients, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other variants of behavior therapy [6Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. The world journal of biological psychiatry: The Off J World Fed Soc Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9(4): 248-312.], as well physical exercise [10Gaudlitz K, Plag J, Dimeo F, Ströhle A. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32(3): 221-8.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22337] [PMID: 25515221] ] have attracted attention in the literature.
With respect to physical exercise, more specifically aerobic exercise, studies has been used it in PD patients demonstrating acute anxiolytic and antipanic effects [11Esquivel G, Díaz-Galvis J, Schruers K, Berlanga C, Lara-Muñoz C, Griez E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 107(1-3): 217-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID: 17727960] , 12Ströhle A, Feller C, Strasburger CJ, Heinz A, Dimeo F. Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31(9): 1127-30.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.003] [PMID: 17010527] ]. Esquivel et al. [11Esquivel G, Díaz-Galvis J, Schruers K, Berlanga C, Lara-Muñoz C, Griez E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 107(1-3): 217-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID: 17727960] ] compared two conditions of aerobic exercise, high intensity versus low intensity, on the antipanic effects after inhaling 35% of carbon dioxide (CO2). PA reactions to CO2 were lower in patients who underwent high intensity aerobic exercise compared to low intensity. Results also demonstrated the capacity of aerobic exercise to minimize anxiety symptoms in PD patients after use of substances that induce a PAs, such as caffeine [13Youngstedt SD, O’Connor PJ, Crabbe JB, Dishman RK. Acute exercise reduces caffeine-induced anxiogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(5): 740-5.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805000-00015] [PMID: 9588617] ], cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ], and CO2 [11Esquivel G, Díaz-Galvis J, Schruers K, Berlanga C, Lara-Muñoz C, Griez E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 107(1-3): 217-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID: 17727960] ]. However, other studies showed that aerobic exercise induces an increase in anxiety in PD patients [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] , 15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ]. Rief and Hermanutz [15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ] found that aerobic exercise, during two minutes and intensity of 75 watts, was sufficient to lead to increase in anxiety in PD patients. Strohle et al. [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ] also demonstrated that 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, with an intensity of 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), generated increase in anxiety. This alteration was observed in somatic symptoms [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ], suggesting that patients with PD are more vulnerable to experiencing somatic symptoms after aerobic exercise [15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ]. However, Martinsen et al. [16Martinsen EW, Raglin JS, Hoffart A, Friis S. Tolerance to intensive exercise and high levels of lactate in panic disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1998; 12(4): 333-42.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00018-8] [PMID: 9699117] ] showed that twenty-four hospitalized PD patients completed supramaximal exercise tests (3-minute steady-state exercise test and workload at 110%) and all experienced high values of lactate (10.7 mmol/L), but only 1 patient experienced a PA during the exercise testing. Thus, the acute effect generated by aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms in PD patients remains unclear.
Another question persists if aerobic exercise promotes, in the long term, anxiolytic effect in PD patients [17Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, Hillmer-Vogel U, Rüther E. Endurance training in panic patients: Spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19(7): 496-502.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971951] [PMID: 9839848] ]. Meyer et al. [17Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, Hillmer-Vogel U, Rüther E. Endurance training in panic patients: Spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19(7): 496-502.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971951] [PMID: 9839848] ] submitted patients to three experimental groups, clomipramine, aerobic exercise or placebo. They showed that treatment with clomipramine was more effective in disease severity and anxiety symptoms compared to aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise was more effective in anxiety symptoms compared to placebo only at the end of the study (i.e., week 10). Bandelow et al. [18Bandelow B, Broocks A, Pekrun G, et al. The use of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P & A) in a controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33(5): 174-81.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-12982] [PMID: 11071019] ] evaluated three treatment modalities: running, clomipramine or placebo. Treatment efficacy was measured with the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P &A) and other rating scales. According to the P &A and other scales, both exercise and clomipramine lead to significant decrease in symptoms compared to placebo treatment. Again clomipramine was significantly more effective and improved anxiety symptoms significantly earlier than exercise. In a study carried by Wedekind et al. [19Wedekind D, Broocks A, Weiss N, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. The World J Bio Psych: The Off J World Fed Societ Bio Psych 2010; 11(7): 904-13.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.489620] ] patients with PD were submitted to four experimental groups, aerobic exercise with paroxetine, relaxation with paroxetine, aerobic exercise with placebo, or relaxation with placebo. The results showed response and remission rates only in paroxetine group. No improvement was observed in aerobic exercise. Thus, the ability of aerobic exercise to promote long-term improvements in anxiety in PD patients is questionable.
Of particular interest to the present study are models that link frontal brain asymmetry to individual differences in affective style. This frontal asymmetry particularly postulated within the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) is the main base of Davidson model [20Davidson RJ, Ekman P, Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV. Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. I. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 58(2): 330-41.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330] [PMID: 2319445] ]. The model proposed by Davidson et al. demonstrates that left frontal areas of the brain mediating the experience of positive emotions and approach behaviors, and right frontal areas of the brain mediating the experience of negative emotions and withdrawal behaviors were associated with higher activation of the right frontal cortex and positive affective responses were associated with higher activation of the left frontal cortex [20Davidson RJ, Ekman P, Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV. Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. I. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 58(2): 330-41.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330] [PMID: 2319445] ]. These patterns of frontal Electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry may serve as an index of risk for a variety of emotion-related disorders. Patients with major depression [21Jesulola E, Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, Agnew LL, Wilson P. Frontal alpha asymmetry as a pathway to behavioural withdrawal in depression: Research findings and issues. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292: 56-67.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.058] [PMID: 26051816] ] and social anxiety [22Moscovitch DA, Santesso DL, Miskovic V, McCabe RE, Antony MM, Schmidt LA. Frontal EEG asymmetry and symptom response to cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychol 2011; 87(3): 379-85.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.04.009] [PMID: 21571033] , 23Beaton EA, Schmidt LA, Ashbaugh AR, Santesso DL, Antony MM, McCabe RE. Resting and reactive frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) among a non-clinical sample of socially anxious adults: Does concurrent depressive mood matter? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4(1): 187-92.[PMID: 18728822] ] have been shown significant relative elevations in right frontal brain activity when assessed during resting states or periods of acute emotional provocation, supporting these theoretical predictions [24Coan JA, Allen JJ. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol Psychol 2004; 67(1-2): 7-49.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.002] [PMID: 15130524] ].
According to our knowledge, there are no studies published that investigated changes in EEG frontal activity among individuals with PD before and after aerobic exercise. In health subjects, Petruzzelo and Tate showed that EEG frontal asymmetry was predictive of positive affect immediately after exercise using intensities close to the ventilatory threshold (70% of VO2max) [25Petruzzello SJ, Tate AK. Brain activation, affect, and aerobic exercise: An examination of both state-independent and state-dependent relationships. Psychophysiology 1997; 34(5): 527-33.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb01739.x] [PMID: 9299907] ]. However, EEG frontal asymmetry measured followed by aerobic exercise conditions, was influenced by three exercise intensities (45%, 60% and 75% VO2max), and associated with increase in the vigor imposed no differences between three intensities [26Woo M, Kim S, Kim J, Petruzzello SJ, Hatfield BD. The influence of exercise intensity on frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry and self-reported affect. Res Q Exerc Sport 2010; 81(3): 349-59.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599683] [PMID: 20949855] ]. Although no studies to date have investigated patterns of change in EEG frontal activity among individuals with PD before and after aerobic exercise, Lattari et al. [27Lattari E, Portugal E, Junior RS, et al. Acute affective responses and frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry to prescribed and self-selected exercise. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2016; 12: 108-19.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010108] [PMID: 27867416] ] demonstrated that aerobic exercise did not change the frontal asymmetry in health subjects.
Thus, the acute and chronic effects generated by aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms in patients with PD remain inconclusive. In addition, the intensity of effort that promotes anxiolytic effects remains unanswered. Acutely, the intensity of aerobic exercise has been reported objectively [11Esquivel G, Díaz-Galvis J, Schruers K, Berlanga C, Lara-Muñoz C, Griez E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 107(1-3): 217-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID: 17727960] , 14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] , 15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ], but it is not known until now whether it causes an increase or decrease in anxiety in patients with PD. Chronically, research used this variable in an arbitrary form [19Wedekind D, Broocks A, Weiss N, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. The World J Bio Psych: The Off J World Fed Societ Bio Psych 2010; 11(7): 904-13.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.489620] , 28Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(5): 603-9.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.5.603] [PMID: 9585709] ], only one study that determined the intensity of effort in an objective form [10Gaudlitz K, Plag J, Dimeo F, Ströhle A. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32(3): 221-8.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22337] [PMID: 25515221] ]. Details on the intensity, frequency and duration may further support the clinical administration of the exercise in patients with panic disorder [29Ströhle A. Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116(6): 777-84.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x] [PMID: 18726137] ]. Of particular interest to the present study is the investigation patterns of change in EEG frontal activity among individuals with PD before and after aerobic exercise and to evaluate predictions on levels of anxiety.
Besides, the study had the following objectives: 1) to investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise on symptoms of anxiety; 2) to investigate the chronic effects of aerobic exercise on severity and symptoms related to PD, besides the changes on EEG frontal asymmetry. Our hypothesis for acute effects is that exercise compared to resting condition will provide further increases in anxiety immediately after, with significant reductions after 10 minutes of recovery. The regular practice of aerobic exercise will have greater reductions in severity and symptoms related to PD, as well as a increase in frontal asymmetry compared to control group.
The recruited patients had a diagnosis of PD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (i.e., unexpected PAs in the last month) [1Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th ed. 4th ed.2000.] with at least 5 years of disease duration. The patients should be symptomatic by Panic Disorder Severity Scale (“PDSS”) (> 10 points, moderately ill). Diagnoses were made by an experienced psychologist using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. The exclusion criteria were: pregnancy, lactation, severe medical illness, organic brain damage, bipolar affective disorder, severe major depression, psychotic symptoms, alcohol or drug abuse, anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and regular aerobic exercise. The patients were sedentary and for participation in aerobic exercise, patients were requested to be authorizated by their cardiologist. Patients were not allowed to undergo additional psychological treatment during the study. Patients should be in continued treatment with any psychotropic drugs at least two weeks before baseline. The patients were in regular use with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 150mg/day (fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram) and/or benzodiazepines 3mg/day (clonazepam). Ten patients were eligible for the study in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each patient was clarified of all the experimental procedures and signed a written consent form, with the experiment was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The patients characterization can be observed in Table 1.
On the first visit (1st day) to the Panic and Respiration of Laboratory, the patients were submitted to a battery of psychological evaluation (diagnosis of PD with DSM-IV-TR, Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory II), recording the electroencephalographic activity (resting EEG asymmetry), and determining the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) (Baseline). Ten patients were included and randomly assigned to two groups, Exercise group (n=5) and Control group (n=5).
On the second visit (2nd) to the laboratory, the patients of exercise group were submitted to the aerobic exercise protocol (see “Aerobic Exercise Protocol”). Patients in the control group remained seated comfortably in an armchair for the same period of time. Both groups were submitted a psychological evaluation with Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) at baseline, immediately after (Post-0), and after 10 minutes of resting (Post-10). These experimental procedures were performed to verify the acute effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms.
During the chronic experimental phase, patients performed 12 sessions of aerobic exercise (2nd to 13th day, see in the “Aerobic Exercise Protocol”). Aerobic exercise was performed with 48-72 hour rest interval between sessions. At the end of the chronic experimental phase (14th day), the same evaluations of the first visit (1st day) were performed, except for DSM-IV-TR (Post-intervention). Psychological evaluations were made by a senior psychologist. Electroencephalographic recording and VO2max assessment was made by an experienced professional of physical education. The aerobic exercise sessions were also accompanied by the same physical education professional. Patients in the control group were instructed to not exercise during the chronic experimental phase and remain on medication. The experimental procedures are shown in Fig. (1 ).
Schematic representation of the experimental procedures.
All patients performed the training routine without interruptions and in the same calibrated treadmill (INBRAMED, Brazil). The patients performed 12 sessions with 48-72 hours of the interval between each one. They received information about the training procedures and also were encouraged to work until the end of the set time, but advised that they could also abort the training session to signal complications or fatigue. The intensity settings occurred at 45-50% of HRR for warm up, 50-55% of HRR for training and 45-50% of HRR for cool down. The warm up and cool down were performed with two minutes and thirty seconds, respectively, and aerobic training was performed on twenty minutes, totalizing 25 minutes. This prescription of aerobic exercise is in agreement with the American College of Sports Medicine [30ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 2013.].
The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a questionnaire developed for measuring the severity of panic disorder [31Shear MK, Brown TA, Barlow DH, et al. Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(11): 1571-5.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.11.1571] [PMID: 9356566] ].The PDSS consists of seven items that assess: 1) Panic frequency; 2) Distress during panic; 3) Panic-focused anticipatory anxiety; 4) Phobic avoidance of situations; 5) Phobic avoidance of physical sensations; 6) Impairment in work functioning; 7) Impairment in social functioning.
Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, which ranges from 0 to 4. The total scores range from 0 to 28.
Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) is a scale of 0 to 10 for measuring the subjective intensity of disturbance or distress currently experienced by an individual. The anxiety level has been measured with the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) in patients with panic disorder [32Freire RC, De Carvalho MR, Joffily M, Zin WA, Nardi AE. Anxiogenic properties of a computer simulation for panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Affect Disord 2010; 125(1-3): 301-6.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.031] [PMID: 20100626] -34Van Peski-Oosterbaan AS, Spinhoven P, Van der Does AJ, Willems LN, Sterk PJ. Is there a specific relationship between asthma and panic disorder? Behav Res Ther 1996; 34(4): 333-40.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00080-1] [PMID: 8871365] ].
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety [35Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56(6): 893-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893] [PMID: 3204199] ]. Each answer is scored on a scale value of 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely). The BAI has been used as secondary outcomes of the anxiety in patients with panic disorder after aerobic exercise program [10Gaudlitz K, Plag J, Dimeo F, Ströhle A. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32(3): 221-8.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22337] [PMID: 25515221] , 28Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(5): 603-9.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.5.603] [PMID: 9585709] ].
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of depressive episodes [36Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W. Comparison of beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess 1996; 67(3): 588-97.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13] [PMID: 8991972] ]. Each answer is scored on a scale value of 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely).
EEG signal was recorded by NeuroSpectrum-5 (Medical Instruments, São Paulo, Brazil). Nineteen monopolar electrodes were placed in the frontal areas (Fp1, Fp2, Fz, F3, F4, F7 and F8), central (Cz, C3 and C4), temporal (T3, T4, T5 and T6), parietal (Pz, and P3 P4) and occipital (O1 and O2) according to the International System 10/20 protocol [37Jasper H. Report of committee on methods of clinical examination in eletroencephalography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1958; 10: 370-5.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(58)90053-1] ]. Two other electrodes (i.e., A1 and A2) were positioned in the earlobes with reference function (bi-auricular). The EEG suffers 0.05 Hz analog filtering (high pass) and 500 Hz (low-pass). EEG Sampling Rate is 5000 Hz and noise level is less than 0.3 μV. We used a digital notch filter 60 Hz and high-pass filters also on 0.5 Hz and low pass at 35 Hz.
The impedance levels of each electrode were observed, which should be between 5 and 10 KOhms (KΩ). EEG analyzes were performed in Neuron-Spectrum.NET-5 software. Initially, the artifacts were automatically removed, as spikes and sharp waves. In addition, the estimation of signal components by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was applied to minimize artifacts. A visual inspection of the data to remove artifacts was performed, such as sweating and muscle tension.
Through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), that refers to a signal analysis that repeats itself at regular time intervals, can set how much energy (power) is in each frequency band. The spectral absolute power was used with 1-s window for time of EEG, free of artifacts (spectral resolution of 0.25 Hz). The digital EEG systems of Neuron-Spectrum-5 series allow EEG recording in standard ranges delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma. Epochs were extracted in the alpha frequency band (8-14Hz). The log transformation was applied (natural log ln) on the power values, since EEG power have not a normal distribution between subjects. This procedure results in a near normal distribution. EEG data were analyzed for cortical asymmetry according to Davidson hypothesis [20Davidson RJ, Ekman P, Saron CD, Senulis JA, Friesen WV. Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology. I. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 58(2): 330-41.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330] [PMID: 2319445] ]. The basic mathematical calculation to compute the asymmetry was expressed by the equation: Resting EEG Asymmetry = InF4- InF3; the choice of Fronto-medial electrodes counterparts (F4-F3) was based on the prevalence of this measure in the literature related to exercise and association between asymmetry with reduction in anxiety scores [22Moscovitch DA, Santesso DL, Miskovic V, McCabe RE, Antony MM, Schmidt LA. Frontal EEG asymmetry and symptom response to cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychol 2011; 87(3): 379-85.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.04.009] [PMID: 21571033] , 23Beaton EA, Schmidt LA, Ashbaugh AR, Santesso DL, Antony MM, McCabe RE. Resting and reactive frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) among a non-clinical sample of socially anxious adults: Does concurrent depressive mood matter? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4(1): 187-92.[PMID: 18728822] ].
For determination of VO2max, the submaximal protocol of Oliveira et al. was used [38Oliveira N.. Avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória por meio de protocolo submáximo em idosos com transtorno de humor e doença de Parkinson Arch clin psychiatry (São Paulo, Impr) 2013; 40(3): 88-92.]. Thus, patients remained seated for 10 min at rest, and in acclimatized environment (20° - 21°C). After 10 minutes of rest, the resting heart rate (HRrest) was measured by a specific monitor (model RS800, Polar®, Finland). The maximal Heart Rate (HRmax) was also determined by the following equation: 220 – age (years).
The purpose of the test is to achieve the intensity corresponding to approximately 65% of Heart Rate Reserve (HRR). To determine the HRR, the equation was used: (HRmax - HRrest) x intensity + HRrest. Once hit, this intensity of effort is maintained for 6 minutes, characterizing a steady-state. It is expected that in the end of this stage FC was stabilized at approximately 70% of HRR. Intensity corresponds to the intensity that the patient should have reached during the test (65% of HRR) and maintain in steady state (70% of HRR) [39Swain DP, Leutholtz BC, King ME, Haas LA, Branch JD. Relationship between % heart rate reserve and % VO2 reserve in treadmill exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(2): 318-21.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199802000-00022] [PMID: 9502363] ]. The submaximal protocol was performed with an initial warm up of 3 minutes on a treadmill (INBRAMED, Brazil), with a metabolic increment equivalent to 1 MET per minute, provided by the manipulation in the inclination of treadmill.
The VO2 was obtained by the walking equation: VO2 = [0,1 (speed) + 1.8 (speed) (inclination / 100) + 3.5], in which the speed is given in m/min. Finally, the VO2max was predicted by the equation: VO2max = [(VO2 - 3.5) / %HRR + 3.5], in which VO2max is expressed in mL.kg-1.min-1(30).
Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were calculated for age, body weight, height, SUDS, PDSS, BAI, BDI-II, VO2max, and resting EEG asymmetry. At baseline, independent samples t-tests were used to verify the differences between the two groups (Exercise group vs Control group). A 2 × 2 mixed factor analysis of variance was used to test for differences between control group and exercise group (between-group effects) and differences between baseline, immediately after (Post-0), and 10 minutes post-intervention (Post-10) (within-group effects) for SUDS. A 2 × 2 mixed factor analysis of variance was used to test for differences between control group and exercise group (between-group effects) and differences between baseline post-intervention (within-group effects) for PDSS, BAI, BDI-II, VO2max, and resting EEG asymmetry. Post-hoc analysis was performed using the Bonferroni to assess the effects within each group. Assumptions of the homogeneity of variance and residual normality were tested by using the Levene’s and Shapiro-Wilk tests respectively. If assumptions were not met, changes in scores for those outcome measures were computed. Depending on the normality of the data, change scores for each group were compared by using independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U tests. Analyses were led separately for all the outcome variables including Panic SUDS, PDSS, BAI, BDI-II, VO2max, and resting EEG asymmetry. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Effect size analysis for each group was calculated by using Cohen’s d. The following measures were used: PDSS, BAI, BDI-II, VO2max, and resting EEG asymmetry. Given that the calculation was for within group effects, we correlated both means and used Morris &DeShon’s [40Morris SB, DeShon RP. Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychol Methods 2002; 7(1): 105-25.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.105] [PMID: 11928886] ] equation. Calculations were completed by using the G*POWER software (version 3.1). Effect sizes were classified as trivial (d <0.19), small (d = 0.20-0.49), moderate (d = 0.50-0.79), large (d = 0.80-1.29) and very large (> 1.30) [41Rosenthal JA. Qualitative descriptors of strength of association and effect size. J Soc Serv Res 1996; 21(4): 37-59.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J079v21n04_02] ].
At baseline, there were no significant group differences regarding age, height, SUDS, PDSS, BAI, BDI-II, VO2max, and resting EEG asymmetry (p > 0.05), with the exception of the body weight (p=0.03). Thereby, it can be assumed that participants in both groups were similar in relevant variables at the moment the intervention began (Table 1).
Mixed analysis of variance showed significant group by time interaction (p = 0.026), and also significant main effects for time (p=0.001) for SUDS. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in SUDS in the exercise group after the intervention (Post-0= 3.8±0.8) compared to baseline (Baseline= 2.4±1.1; p=0.04) and after 10 minutes of resting (Post-10= 1.6±0.5; p = 0.003) (Fig. 2 ). There were no significant differences between the exercise and control groups at baseline (Exercise Group=2.4±1.1 vs Control Group= 2.2±0.8, p=0.76), immediately after (Exercise group=3.8±0.8 vs Control Group= 2.6±1.8, p=0.21) and after 10 minutes of resting (Exercise group=1.6±0.5 vs Control group= 2.2±1.0; p=0.30).
Acute effects of exercise on SUDS.
The results showed no significant group by time interaction (p=0.41) and no significant main effects for time (p=0.18) for PDSS. Descriptive data are described in Table 2.
Between and within-group comparisons and effect size analysis for all outcome measures.
Mixed analysis of variance showed significant group by time interaction (p=0.02), and main effects for time (p=0.02) for BAI. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significantly decreased score in BAI in the exercise group post-intervention (M±SD= 29.6±7.4) compared to baseline (M±SD= 24.0±7.1, p=0.005) (Fig. 3 ).
Between and within-group comparisons for BAI.
Independent samples t-test indicated significant between-group differences regarding BAI (Exercise Group=5.6±3.9 vs Control Group= 0.1±2.3, p = 0.02), showing that the exercise group had greater reductions in the scores (Fig. 4 ). Moreover, only the exercise group showed very large effect size (1.40) within group. Descriptive data can be observed in (Table 2).
Independent samples t-test for changes in BAI scores.
Mixed analysis of variance showed significant group by time interaction (p = 0.04), and no significant main effects for time (p = 0.09) for BDI-II. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significantly decreased score in BDI-II in the exercise group post-intervention (M±SD= 15.8±9.4) compared to baseline (M±SD= 21.6±10.7, p=0.01) Fig. (5 ). Mann-Whitney’s U test showed no between-group differences for BDI-II (Exercise group=5.8±5.3 vs Control group= -0.6±2.8, p= 0.09). However, only the exercise group showed large effect size (1.06) within group. Descriptive data are seen in Table 2.
Between and within-group comparisons for BDI-II.
Mixed analysis of variance showed significant group by time interaction (p < 0.001), and also significant main effects for time (p < 0.001) for VO2max. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in VO2max in the exercise group post-intervention (M±SD= 38.3±2.2 mL.kg-1.min-1) compared to baseline (M±SD= 35.4±2.7 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001). In addition, VO2max was greater in the exercise group compared to the control group in post-intervention (Exercise group= 38.3±2.2 mL.kg-1.min-1 vs Control group= 32.3±2.7 mL.kg-1.min-1, p=0.005) (Fig. 6 ).
Between and within-group comparisons for VO2max.
Independent samples t-test indicated significant between-group differences regarding VO2max (Exercise group= 2.9±0.6 mL.kg-1.min-1vs Control group= 0.04±0.5 mL.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001) (Fig. 7 ). Besides, results of the effect size between (d= 2.43) and within groups (d= 4.15) showed very largely, in favor of exercise group. Descriptive data are shown in (Table 2).
Independent samples t-test for changes in VO2max.
Results showed no significant group by time interaction (p=0.43) and no significant main effects for time (p=0.46) for resting EEG asymmetry (Fig. 8 ). Descriptive data can be seen in Table 2.
Between and within-group comparisons for resting EEG asymmetry.
The aim of study was to verify the acute effects of aerobic exercise on the symptoms of anxiety and to investigate the chronic effects of aerobic exercise on severity and symptoms related to PD, besides the changes caused on EEG frontal asymmetry. Acute effects of exercise provided increases in anxiety immediately after and significant reductions after 10 min of recovery. The regular practice of aerobic exercise generated greater reductions in symptoms related to PD, BAI and BDI-II. However, no changes were demonstrated in PDSS and frontal EEG asymmetry in both groups.
In fact aerobic exercise can promote increase in anxiety acutely and other researches corroborated our findings [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] , 15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ]. Rief and Hermanutz [15Rief W, Hermanutz M. Responses to activation and rest in patients with panic disorder and major depression. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35(Pt 4): 605-16.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01216.x] [PMID: 8955546] ] submitted patients with PD to two experimental conditions, exercise and control. The exercise was performed in the cycle ergometer, with duration of two minutes and intensity of 75 watts. The results showed that patients with PD had elevated anxiety scores after physical activation, but also after rest. Strohle et al. [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ] also investigated the effects of quiet rest or an aerobic treadmill exercise on antipanic and anxiolytic activity in patients with PD. Aerobic exercise was performed in treadmill, 30 min at an intensity of 70% of VO2max. Results showed that somatic anxiety subscore were higher after exercise compared to rest and no results have been demonstrated for anxiety symptoms subscore. It is expected that some somatic symptoms increase during exercise and that responses of increase in anxiety levels are linked to this factor, as corroborated by the study of Strohle et al. [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ]. Our findings shows this increase in anxiety may be related to possible changes in somatic symptoms. However, although aerobic exercise has promoted increased levels of anxiety, exercise exposure may provide antipanic protective effect. Strohle et al. [14Ströhle A, Graetz B, Scheel M, et al. The acute antipanic and anxiolytic activity of aerobic exercise in patients with panic disorder and healthy control subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(12): 1013-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.02.004] [PMID: 19289240] ] showed that CCK-4-induced panic attacks were less frequent after prior exercise (Exercise= 4 patients, 33.3% and Rest= 9 patients, 75%). Compared to prior rest, exercise resulted in a significantly reduced CCK-4-induced increase of the total Acute Panic Inventory (API) score and the anxiety subscore. Esquivel et al. [11Esquivel G, Díaz-Galvis J, Schruers K, Berlanga C, Lara-Muñoz C, Griez E. Acute exercise reduces the effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 107(1-3): 217-20.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.022] [PMID: 17727960] ] also demonstrated the protective effect of exercise for panic attacks and levels of anxiety. Patients participated in two experimental conditions, moderate/hard exercise (to reach and sustain on the cycloergometer 80 and 90% of their maximal heart rate for 15 minutes with or until exhaustion) or a very-light exercise (15 minutes, 1watts per kg, and 20 at 70 rpm, control group). Panic reactions to CO2 were smaller in patients that performed moderate/hard exercise in contrast to those that performed very-light exercise.
Due to therapeutic potential of acute aerobic exercise, this intervention non-pharmacological was investigated also chronically. Our results showed that aerobic exercise reduced anxiety after 12 training sessions and data of randomized controlled trials suggest higher sizes for the effect of exercise on anxiety [42Wegner M, Helmich I, Machado S, Nardi AE, Arias-Carrion O, Budde H. Effects of exercise on anxiety and depression disorders: Review of meta- analyses and neurobiological mechanisms. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014; 13(6): 1002-14.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666140612102841] [PMID: 24923346] ]. Bandelow et al. [18Bandelow B, Broocks A, Pekrun G, et al. The use of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (P & A) in a controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000; 33(5): 174-81.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-12982] [PMID: 11071019] ] submitted the patients to three treatment conditions: clomipramine, placebo and aerobic exercise (walking or running). Both exercise and clomipramine led to a significant decrease of anxiety symptoms in according to the P&A and HAM-A, in comparison to placebo treatment. Clomipramine was significantly more effective than aerobic exercise. Similar results were found in the Broocks et al. [28Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(5): 603-9.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.5.603] [PMID: 9585709] ] and Meyer et al. [17Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, Hillmer-Vogel U, Rüther E. Endurance training in panic patients: Spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19(7): 496-502.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971951] [PMID: 9839848] ]. Although the anxiolytic and antipanic effects of exercise have already been empirically observed, the mechanisms of action involved remain to be elucidated. Several plausible mediators have been set forward to explain the antipanic and anxiolytic effects of exercise. Current studies have centered on mechanisms related to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor [43Ströhle A, Stoy M, Graetz B, et al. Acute exercise ameliorates reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35(3): 364-8.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.013] [PMID: 19682803] ], atrial natriuretic peptide [12Ströhle A, Feller C, Strasburger CJ, Heinz A, Dimeo F. Anxiety modulation by the heart? Aerobic exercise and atrial natriuretic peptide. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31(9): 1127-30.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.003] [PMID: 17010527] ], and the serotonergic system [44Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Day HE, et al. Wheel running alters serotonin (5-HT) transporter, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and alpha 1b-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat raphe nuclei. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57(5): 559-68.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.025] [PMID: 15737672] ].
Wedekind et al. [19Wedekind D, Broocks A, Weiss N, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. The World J Bio Psych: The Off J World Fed Societ Bio Psych 2010; 11(7): 904-13.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.489620] ] showed no improvement in anxiety after regular aerobic exercise. In this study, patients were divided into four experimental groups: aerobic exercise with paroxetine, relaxation with paroxetine, aerobic exercise with placebo, or relaxation with placebo. Results showed that response and remission rates were higher in the groups using paroxetine, regardless of exercise or relaxation, compared to placebo groups. Aerobic exercise showed a trend of improvement compared to the relaxation group, seen only in the fourth week. It is still necessary to establish the duration, frequency and intensity of aerobic exercise that promotes the beneficial organic adaptations to patients with PD. In our research, the aerobic exercise protocol was established according to the ACSM recommendations [30ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 2013.] and the control over aerobic exercise intensity has been subjective in others studies [17Meyer T, Broocks A, Bandelow B, Hillmer-Vogel U, Rüther E. Endurance training in panic patients: Spiroergometric and clinical effects. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19(7): 496-502.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971951] [PMID: 9839848] -19Wedekind D, Broocks A, Weiss N, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of aerobic exercise in combination with paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. The World J Bio Psych: The Off J World Fed Societ Bio Psych 2010; 11(7): 904-13.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2010.489620] ]. The intensity settings at 50-55% of HRR for training and twenty minutes of duration is recommended for sedentary subjects and low cardiorespiratory fitness [30ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 2013.]. Patients with PD showed lower VO2max, as well as lower exercise tolerance [45Schmidt NB, Lerew DR, Santiago H, Trakowski JH, Staab JP. Effects of heart-rate feedback on estimated cardiovascular fitness in patients with panic disorder. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12(2): 59-66.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:2<59::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-G] [PMID: 11091928] ]. With this, our training prescription seems appropriate.
In addition to reductions in anxiety levels, our research demonstrated that regular aerobic exercise provided an increase in VO2max and reductions in depression scores. These results suggest that regular aerobic exercise, in comparison with control group, is associated with significant clinical improvement in PD patients. Martinsen et al. [46Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg O. Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: A randomized trial. Compr Psychiatry 1989; 30(4): 324-31.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(89)90057-6] [PMID: 2667882] ] reported the results of a protocol of 60 min of AE at 70% of VO2max, 3 times a week for 8 weeks, in which they observed a significant increase in VO2max with significant reductions in depression scores.
Our hypothesis was not confirmed for the increase in resting EGG asymmetry related to regular practice of aerobic exercise compared to control group. No changes in resting EEG frontal asymmetry were observed. To date, no study investigated changes in resting EEG asymmetry caused by regular practice of aerobic exercise. Lattari et al. [27Lattari E, Portugal E, Junior RS, et al. Acute affective responses and frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry to prescribed and self-selected exercise. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2016; 12: 108-19.[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010108] [PMID: 27867416] ] showed that acute aerobic exercise does not change resting EEG asymmetry.
A limitation of our study is the impossibility to establish double-blind conditions. Besides, our results should be interpreted with caution due to sample size. PD patients generally are afraid to do exercise because of the physiological responses that are similar to panic symptoms. However, our research was innovative in the most appropriate control of aerobic training. In addition, it was the first study to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on resting EEG asymmetry in patients with PD.
In conclusion, aerobic exercise can promote increase in anxiety acutely. However, regular aerobic exercise promotes reduction in anxiety levels. In addition, the regular practice of aerobic exercise promotes other interesting improvements such as maximal oxygen consumption and reduction in the symptoms of depression. The hypothesis of resting EEG asymmetry in the exercise group in post-intervention was not confirmed. Future researches should further examine how the frontal asymmetry is associated with changes in anxiety after the regular practice of aerobic exercise.
The Ethical Committee from Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro approved the study protocol, which conforms to the Helsinki Declaration. All the participants were able to sign and provide a written informed consent.
Each patient was clarified of all the experimental procedures and signed a written consent form.
Eduardo Lattari acknowledges the financial support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
 Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR 4th ed. 4th ed.2000.
 Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. The world journal of biological psychiatry: The Off J World Fed Soc Biol Psychiatry 2008; 9(4): 248-312.
 ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 2013.
 Oliveira N.. Avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória por meio de protocolo submáximo em idosos com transtorno de humor e doença de Parkinson Arch clin psychiatry (São Paulo, Impr) 2013; 40(3): 88-92.