ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Clean Harbors, Inc., through its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"), provides a wide range of industrial waste management services to a diversified customer base across the United States. The Company was incorporated in Massachusetts in 1980. The principal offices of the Company are located in Braintree, Massachusetts.
The Company is one of the largest providers of industrial waste management services in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, with a growing presence in the Central, Midwest and Southern regions. The Company seeks to be recognized by customers as the premier supplier of a broad range of value-added industrial waste management services based upon quality, responsiveness, customer service, variety of risk containment systems, and cost effectiveness.
The Company currently maintains a network of service centers and sales offices located in 24 states and Puerto Rico, and operates 12 waste management facilities. The service centers interface with the customers, and perform a variety of environmental remediation and hazardous waste management activities, utilizing the waste management facilities to store, treat and dispose of waste. The Company also provides analytical testing and engineering services which complement its primary services and permit it to offer complete solutions to its customers' complex environmental requirements. The Company's principal customers are chemical, petroleum, transportation, utility and industrial firms, other waste management companies and government agencies.
Intensified levels of federal and state environmental regulation and enforcement have been a major factor in increasing the demand for the Company's services. The Company believes that its success is attributable in large part to customers' confidence in the Company's ability to comply with these regulations and to manage effectively the risks involved in providing these services. As part of its commitment to employee safety and quality customer service, the Company has an extensive compliance program and a trained environmental, health and safety staff. The Company follows a risk management program designed to reduce potential liabilities for the Company and its customers.
BUSINESS STRATEGY
The Company's strategy is to develop and maintain an ongoing relationship with a diversified group of customers who have recurring needs for multiple services in managing their environmental exposure.
In order to maintain and enhance its leading position in the industrial waste management industry, the Company has implemented a strategy of internal growth through the increased utilization of existing facilities, the addition of new sales offices and service centers, and the development of new waste management services. In addition, the Company achieves external growth through strategic acquisitions.
Increased Utilization of Waste Management Facilities. The Company currently has 12 waste management facilities which represent a substantial investment in permits, plants and equipment. These facilities provide the Company with significant operating leverage. There are opportunities to expand capacity at these facilities by modifying the terms of the existing permits and by adding capital equipment and new technology. Through selected permit modifications, the Company can expand the range of treatment services which it offers to its customers without the large capital investment necessary to acquire or build new waste management facilities. The Company believes that permits for new industrial waste management facilities will become increasingly difficult to obtain, thereby placing new entrants and weaker competitors at a disadvantage.
Sales Office/Service Center Expansion. The Company opens sales offices in attractive target markets in order to expand the Company's service areas. Sales personnel focus on selling Transportation, Treatment, Disposal and CleanPack services to the local market, with operational support from the District Logistics Office located
closest to the "new" market area. The District Logistics Office is responsible for delivering disposal and CleanPack services to the "new" market area by utilizing existing capacity in the transportation fleet by utilizing backhauls from existing routes. As demand at a particular sales office reaches a sufficient level for Field Services, Emergency Response or Remedial work, the sales office can be upgraded to a service center by the addition of service personnel and equipment. The Company's sales offices and service centers direct waste into the Company's waste management facilities. This allows the Company to expand its service areas with low risk capital investment and to maximize throughput with minimal incremental cost by obtaining additional wastes to be handled by the Company's service centers and waste management facilities.
New Waste Management Services. Industrial waste generators are demanding alternatives to traditional waste disposal methods in order to increase recycling and reclamation and to minimize the end disposal of hazardous waste into the environment. The Company utilizes its technological expertise and innovation to improve and expand the range of services which it offers to its customers. The Company has commercialized a hazardous waste treatment system, the Clean Extraction System ("CES"), to extract toxic compounds from industrial wastewaters by utilizing non-toxic liquid carbon dioxide at high pressures. CES offers for certain wastewater streams a recycling alternative to incineration or injection into deep underground wells.
Occasionally, companies primarily operating in other industries or engaged in research and development have sought to join with the Company to evaluate the commercial potential of a particular technology or process for solving environmental problems. In May 1994, the Company signed a development agreement with Molten Metal Technology, Inc. of Waltham, Massachusetts ("MMT"), an environmental technology company developing an innovative, proprietary processing technology known as Catalytic Extraction Processing ("CEP"). CEP utilizes a molten metal bath as a catalyst and solvent to break down the molecular structure of various hazardous wastes into its elements. With the addition of various other elements, industrial compounds are made into products for reuse as a raw material by the feedstock generator or for sale to other industrial users. Development of the CEP system pursuant to the agreement is subject to a number of conditions, including the execution of definitive agreements, and no assurances can be given that the proposed CEP unit will be successfully developed.
In May 1995, the Company acquired a newly constructed hazardous waste incinerator in Kimball, Nebraska, to incinerate liquid and solid wastes which are not suitable for treatment in the CES. These actions to develop new waste management services are expected to reduce the Company's dependence on outside disposal vendors.
In November 1995, the Company entered into a Reciprocal Marketing and Business Development Agreement with Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. ("Rochem"), the California based subsidiary of Rochem, A.G., owner of the patented disc tube membrane module reverse osmosis system known as DTM ("DTM"). Rochem holds the exclusive U.S. rights to market and sell DTM, which is compatible with Clean Harbors' Clean Extraction System ("CES") Technology. Under the terms of the Agreement, Rochem and Clean Harbors will jointly market, sell, install and support or operate DTM and CES technology to customers throughout the United States. Clean Harbors also has the right to negotiate an exclusive license with Rochem for new applications of DTM technology developed during the term of the Agreement.
Capitalization on Industry Consolidation. The Company believes that its large industrial customers will ultimately require a comprehensive range of waste treatment capabilities, field services, industrial maintenance services and emergency response services to be provided by a select number of service providers. This trend will put smaller operators at a competitive disadvantage due to their size and limited financial resources. To respond to its customers' needs, the Company has increased the range of waste management services it offers and has followed a strategy of acquiring companies in existing, contiguous and new market areas. Since its formation in 1980, the Company has completed 14 acquisitions which have significantly expanded the Company's market share. Acquisitions within the Company's existing areas of operation serve to capture incremental market share, while geographic expansion creates new market opportunities. The Company continues to investigate and discuss other potential acquisitions of permitted facilities in order to enhance
service to its existing customer base and expand its customer base to include new regional customers as well as waste generators with operations in several regions.
ACQUISITIONS
The Company has made seven acquisitions since January 1, 1989. The Company also recently expanded its Chicago waste management facility onto an adjoining site formerly occupied by Chemical Waste Management, Inc., which will allow the Company to offer new waste treatment services in the Midwest region.
Prior to closing any acquisition, the Company attempts to investigate thoroughly the current and contingent liabilities of the company or assets to be acquired, including potential liabilities arising from noncompliance with environmental laws by prior owners for which the Company, as a successor owner, might become responsible. The Company also seeks to minimize the impact of potential liabilities by obtaining indemnities and warranties from the sellers which may be supported by deferring payment of or by escrowing a portion of the purchase price. See "Legal Proceedings" below for a description of the indemnities which the Company has received in connection with past acquisitions.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY
SERVICES
The principal services provided by the Company fit within three categories: treatment and disposal of industrial wastes ("Treatment and Disposal"); field services provided at customer sites ("Field Services"); and specialized repackaging, treatment and disposal services for laboratory chemicals and household hazardous wastes ("CleanPacks"). The Company markets these services on an integrated basis and, in many instances, services in one area of the business support or lead to a project undertaken in another area.
In addition to these three principal services, the Company also provides technical services such as analytical testing and engineering services and personnel training. Such technical services primarily support the Company's principal services, although technical services are also offered to a limited extent on a stand-alone commercial basis.
The Company currently maintains a network of 12 waste management facilities, complemented by service centers, district logistic office and sales offices in 24 states and Puerto Rico. The service centers and sales offices accommodate sales personnel who develop and maintain contact with the Company's customers. Customers are generally covered by "Agents of Business" (Account Managers, CleanPack and Field Specialists, inside
Service Representatives) who are responsible for order taking, handling customer inquiries and other administrative tasks. Account managers utilize the expertise of product specialists in order to evaluate the scope of a potential job, quote a job and ultimately detail the work order, including personnel and equipment necessary to complete the job. The service centers and logistic offices also serve as depots for the specialized equipment and trained technical personnel which respond to customers' waste management requirements. The Company utilizes a "hub and spoke" organization where service centers, logistic offices and sales offices feed waste disposal business into the Company's 12 waste management facilities. Waste which cannot be treated at those facilities is sent to other final disposal sites.
As an integral part of the Company's services, industrial wastes are collected from customers and transported by the Company to and between its facilities for treatment or bulking for shipment to final disposal locations. Customers typically accumulate waste in containers, such as 55-gallon drums, or in bulk in storage tanks or 20-cubic yard roll-off boxes. In providing this service, the Company utilizes a variety of specially designed and constructed tank trucks and semi-trailers, as well as other third-party transporters, including railroads. Liquid waste is frequently transported in bulk, but may also be transported in drums. Heavier sludges or bulk solids are transported in sealed, roll-off boxes or bulk dump trailers.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
The Company transports, treats and disposes of industrial wastes for commercial and industrial customers, health care providers, educational and research organizations, other waste management companies and governmental entities. The wastes handled include substances which are classified as "hazardous" because of their corrosive, ignitable, infectious, reactive or toxic properties, and other substances subject to federal and state environmental regulation. Waste types processed or transferred in drums or bulk quantities include:
.flammables, combustibles and other organics, .acids and caustics, .cyanides and sulfides, .solids and sludges, .industrial wastewaters, .items containing PCBs, such as utility transformers and electrical light ballasts, .medical waste, .other regulated wastes, and .nonhazardous industrial waste.
The Company receives a detailed waste profile sheet prepared by the customer to document the nature of the customer's waste. A representative sample of the delivered waste is screened to ensure that it conforms to the customer's waste profile record and to select an appropriate method of treatment and disposal. Once the wastes are characterized, compatible groups are consolidated to achieve economies in storage, handling, transportation and ultimate treatment and disposal. At the time of acceptance of a customer's waste at the Company's facility, a unique computer "bar code" identification character is assigned to each container of waste, enabling the Company to use sophisticated computer systems to track and document the status, location and disposition of the waste.
Wastewater Treatment. The Company's treatment operations involve processing hazardous wastes through the use of physical, chemical, thermal or other methods. The solid waste materials produced by these wastewater processing operations are then disposed of off-site at facilities owned and operated by unrelated businesses.
The Company treats a broad range of industrial liquid and semi-liquid wastes containing heavy metals, organics and suspended solids, including:
.acids and caustics,
.ammonias, sulfides, and cyanides, .heavy metals, ink wastes, and plating solutions, .landfill leachates and scrubber waters, and .oily wastes and water soluble coolants.
Wastewater treatment can be economical as well as environmentally sound, by combining different wastewaters in a "batching" process that reduces costs for multiple waste stream disposal. Acidic waste from one source can be neutralized with alkaline from a second source to produce a neutral solution.
Physical Treatment. Physical treatment methods include distillation, separation and stabilization. These methods are used to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste material or to make it suitable for further treatment, reuse, or disposal. Distillation uses either heat or vacuum to purify liquids for resale. Separation utilizes techniques such as sedimentation, filtration, flocculation and centrifugation to remove solid materials from liquids. Stabilization refers to a category of waste treatment processes designed to reduce contaminant mobility or solubility and convert waste to a more chemically stable form. Stabilization technology includes many classes of immobilization systems and applications. Examples include low-temperature processes such as adding a sand-like cement material, and high-temperature processes such as vitrification. Stabilization is a frequent treatment method for metal-bearing wastes received at several Company facilities, which treat the waste to meet specific federal land disposal restrictions. After treatment, the waste is tested to confirm that it has been rendered nonhazardous. It can then be sent to a nonhazardous waste landfill, at significantly lower cost than disposal at a hazardous waste landfill.
Thermal Treatment. Thermal treatment refers to processes that use high temperature combustion the principal means of waste destruction. In May 1995, the Company acquired a newly constructed, state-of-the-art hazardous waste incinerator in Kimball, Nebraska, which uses a fluidized bed thermal oxidation unit for maximum destruction efficiency of hazardous waste. The Company also operates an incinerator at its Braintree facility which was previously used to destroy medical waste. In late 1991, approvals were granted to allow the Braintree incinerator to destroy nonhazardous wastes which were previously sent to landfills or municipal incinerators. It also generates steam which is used in steam distillation equipment for reclaiming solvents. Other waste residues are incinerated in off-site facilities, such as the Nebraska hazardous waste incinerator, and in similar facilities owned and operated by other companies.
Resource Recovery. Resource recovery involves the treatment of wastes using various methods which will effectively remove contaminants from the original material to restore its fitness for its intended purpose, and to reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal. In conjunction with recent regulatory provisions restricting the burial of various types of hazardous wastes, the Company substantially upgraded its existing facilities for the reclamation and reuse of certain wastes, particularly solvent-based wastes generated by industrial cleaning operations, metal finishing and other manufacturing processes.
Spent solvents that can be recycled are processed through thin film evaporators and other processing equipment and are distilled into clean, usable products. Upon recovery of these products, the Company either returns the recovered solvents to the original generator or sells them to third parties.
Organic liquids and solids with sufficient heat value are blended to meet strict specifications for use as supplemental fuels for cement kilns, industrial furnaces and other high-efficiency boilers. The Company has installed fuels blending equipment at its Chicago and Cincinnati plants to prepare these supplemental fuels. The Company has established relationships with a number of supplemental fuel users that are licensed to accept the blended fuel material. Although the Company pays a fee to the users who accept this product, this disposal method is substantially less costly than other disposal methods.
Clean Extraction System. The Clean Extraction System ("CES") is a hazardous waste treatment system commercialized by the Company which extracts organic compounds from industrial wastewater. CES uses carbon dioxide that has been compressed at high pressure into a liquid. Under these "supercritical" conditions,
carbon dioxide acts as a powerful solvent for most commonly occurring contaminants. CES uses supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent to remove organic contaminants, such as gasoline, acetone, methylene chloride, pesticides and other chemicals, from industrial wastewater called "lean water." Lean water is generated by oil companies, utilities, and manufacturers of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
The CES was installed at the Company's Baltimore facility, and began commercial operation in June 1992. The system includes specialized pretreatment and post-treatment systems and techniques, in addition to a central extractor unit, to maximize extraction efficiency. In the Baltimore CES, wastewater receives chemical and physical pretreatment before entering a central extractor unit. The wastewater is fed into the top of a 40-foot tall pressurized chamber, and flows down through a stack of perforated plates as a continual supply of liquefied carbon dioxide rises from the bottom of the chamber. As the wastewater and carbon dioxide mix, organic contaminants separate from the water and dissolve in the carbon dioxide. The liquid carbon dioxide flows from the top of the chamber into a decompression vessel. As the pressure decreases, the carbon dioxide vaporizes into a gas, leaving the organic contaminants at the bottom of the vessel, where they are collected. The concentrated organics can be recycled or burned as a supplemental fuel for resource recovery. The cleansed water flows from the bottom of the chamber, through a series of decompression and post-treatment tanks. After treatment, the cleansed water is discharged to the City of Baltimore sewer treatment works.
This process enables the Company to handle a broad range of complex, difficult to treat organic and inorganic "lean waters" formerly sent to other companies for disposal. CES offers the Company's industrial customers, such as chemical or pharmaceutical companies, an attractive recycling alternative to disposal of their "lean water" by incineration or injection into deep underground wells. Current treatment capacity is between six and ten million gallons per year, depending on the characteristics of the wastewater being treated.
Disposal. After treatment of industrial wastes at the Company's facilities, the hazardous waste residues (such as sludges) which remain after such treatment are disposed of in facilities operated by third parties. The Company also arranges for the disposal of its customers' hazardous wastes which cannot be treated at Company-owned facilities. Wastes which cannot be disposed of in the Nebraska hazardous waste incinerator, which the Company acquired in May 1995, are sent to other incinerators, landfills, and disposal facilities operated by third parties. These arrangements are typically made before the Company accepts waste. Although the Company's transfer facilities are licensed to store waste, such storage is typically for a short period of time before the waste is sent for ultimate disposal. On occasion, a service center may also arrange to ship a customer's waste directly to another disposal company, such as a landfill or incinerator, if the size of the waste shipment or its characteristics are such that the waste does not need to pass through one of the Company's own waste management facilities. As the volume of waste handled by the Company has grown, the Company has negotiated favorable disposal arrangements with numerous companies. The Company is not dependent on any one disposal company, and the loss of any particular outlet for disposal of waste would not have a material impact on the Company.
The Company's wastewater treatment operations are dependent upon access to publicly owned treatment works and to hazardous or nonhazardous waste landfills for the disposal of its byproduct wastes. Generally, the Company has not experienced significant difficulty in obtaining the necessary permits from local sewer authorities.
FIELD SERVICES
The Company provides a wide range of environmental field services to maintain industrial facilities and process equipment, as well as clean up or contain actual or threatened releases of hazardous materials into the environment. These services are provided primarily to large chemical, petroleum, transportation, utility, industrial and waste management companies, and to governmental agencies. The Company's strategy is to identify, evaluate, and solve its customers' environmental problems, on a planned or emergency basis, by providing a comprehensive interdisciplinary response to the specific requirements of each project.
Industrial Maintenance. Many of the Company's customers have a recurring need to clean equipment and facilities periodically in order to continue operations, maintain and improve operating efficiencies of their plants, and satisfy safety requirements. Industrial maintenance involves chemical cleaning, hydroblasting, vacuuming, and other methods to remove deposits from process equipment, such as paint booths and plating lines, and storage facilities for material used in the manufacturing or production process, such as feedstocks, chemicals, fuels, paints, oils, inks, metals and many other items. Service centers are equipped with specialty equipment, such as high volume pumps, pressure washers, nonsparking and chemical resistant tools, and a variety of personal protective equipment, to perform maintenance services quickly, usually during "off periods" to minimize downtime from production.
Project Management. An increasingly important area of the Company's operations is the management of complex environmental remediation projects. These projects may include surface remediation, groundwater restoration, site and facility decontamination, and emergency response. An interdisciplinary team of managers, chemists, engineers, and compliance experts design and implement result-oriented remedial programs, incorporating both off-site removal and on-site treatment, as needed. The remedial projects group functions as a single source management team, relieving the customer of the administrative and operational burdens associated with environmental remediation. As a full-service environmental services company, providing waste transportation and disposal, field services, industrial maintenance and CleanPack services, the Company eliminates the need for multiple subcontractors.
These projects vary widely in scope, duration and revenue, and they are typically performed under service agreements between the customer and the Company. Environmental remediation projects may be undertaken in conjunction with or lead to contracts for additional remediation work or for hazardous waste management services, and typically involve the Company's analytical laboratory and engineering group.
Surface Remediation. Surface remediation projects arise in two principal areas: the planned cleanup of hazardous waste sites and the cleanup of accidental spills and discharges of hazardous materials, such as those resulting from transportation and industrial accidents. In addition, some surface remediation projects involve the cleanup and maintenance of industrial lagoons, ponds and other surface impoundments on a recurring basis. In all of these cases, an extremely broad range of hazardous substances may be encountered.
Surface remediation projects generally require considerable interaction among engineering, project management and analytical services. Following the selection of the preferred remedial alternative, the project team identifies the processes and equipment for cleanup. Simultaneously, the Company's health and safety staff develops a site safety plan for the project. Remedial approaches usually include physical removal, mechanical dewatering, stabilization or encapsulation.
Groundwater Restoration. The Company's groundwater restoration services typically involve response to above-ground spills, leaking underground tanks and lines, hazardous waste landfills and leaking surface impoundments. Groundwater restoration efforts often require complex recovery systems, including recovery drains or wells, air strippers, biodegradation or carbon filtration systems, and containment barriers. These systems and technologies can be used individually or in combination to remove a full range of floating or dissolved organic compounds from groundwater. The Company internally designs and fabricates most mobile or fixed site groundwater treatment systems.
Site and Facility Decontamination. Site and facility decontamination involves the cleanup and restoration of buildings, equipment and other sites and facilities that have been contaminated by exposure to hazardous materials during a manufacturing process, or by fires, process malfunctions, spills or other accidents. The Company's projects have included decontamination of electrical generating stations, electrical and electronics components, transformer vaults and commercial, educational, industrial, laboratory, research and manufacturing facilities.
Emergency Response. The Company undertakes environmental remediation projects on both a planned and emergency basis. Emergency response actions may develop into planned remedial action projects when soil, groundwater, buildings, or facilities are extensively contaminated. The Company has established specially trained emergency response teams which operate on a 24- hour basis from service centers covering 24 states and Puerto Rico. Many of the Company's remediation activities result from a response to an emergency situation by one of its response teams. These incidents can result from transportation accidents involving chemical substances, fires at chemical facilities or hazardous waste sites, transformer fires or explosions involving PCBs, and other unanticipated developments when the substances involved pose an immediate threat to public health or the environment, such as possible groundwater contamination.
Emergency response projects require trained personnel, equipped with protective gear and specialized equipment, prepared to respond promptly whenever these situations occur. To meet the staffing requirements for emergency response projects, the Company relies in part upon a network of trained personnel who are available on a contract basis for specific project assignments. The Company's health and safety specialists and other skilled personnel closely supervise these projects during and subsequent to the cleanup. The steps performed by the Company include rapid response, containment and control procedures, analytical testing and assessment, neutralization and treatment, collection, and transportation of the substances to an appropriate treatment or disposal facility.
CLEANPACKS
The Company provides specialized repackaging, treatment and disposal services for laboratory chemicals and household hazardous wastes. Such chemicals and wastes are put into CleanPacks, which are packages smaller than a 55-gallon drum, generally less than five gallons or 50 pounds. The Company offers generators of CleanPack quantity waste the same economical and environmentally sound disposal services that have been offered for years to large industrial generators. The CleanPack operation services a wide variety of customers, including:
.engineering and research and development divisions of industrial companies, .college, university and high school labs, .EPA labs and Veterans Administration facilities, .hospitals and medical care labs, .state and local municipalities, and .tens of thousands of residents through household hazardous waste collection days.
The Company provides a team of qualified personnel with science degrees and special training to collect, label and package waste at the customer's site. CleanPacks are then transported to one of the Company's facilities for consolidation into full-size containers, which are then sent for further treatment or disposal as part of the Company's treatment and disposal services described above. As described above, disposal options include reclamation, fuels blending, incineration, aqueous treatment, and a secure chemical landfill.
TECHNICAL SERVICES
Technical services consist primarily of analytical testing, engineering services and personnel training. Many of the Company's principal services as described above involve the selection and application of various technologies. The Company's analytical testing laboratories perform a wide range of quantitative and qualitative analyses to determine the existence, nature, level, and extent of contamination in various media. The Company's engineering staff identifies, evaluates and implements the appropriate environmental solution.
Engineering and Analytical Services. The Company provides technical support services to complement its primary service lines. For example, if the Company is engaged to perform an entire environmental remediation project, it will first perform a site or situation assessment. A site assessment begins with the determination of the existence of contamination. If present, the nature and extent of the contamination is defined by gathering
samples and then analyzing them in order to establish or verify the nature and extent of the contaminants. The Company's engineering staff then develops, evaluates and presents alternative solutions to remedy the particular situation. Often treatment systems are completely designed, engineered and fabricated by the Company in house. It then implements the mitigation and decontamination program mutually selected by the customer and the Company.
These services are also provided if a customer requires an analysis with respect to certain material, or if a customer is searching for an appropriate solution to an environmental problem or if an environmental assessment is required to allow a transfer of property.
The Company operates an EPA-qualified and state-certified analytical testing laboratory in Braintree, Massachusetts which tests samples provided by customers to identify and quantify toxic pollutants in virtually every component of the environment. The laboratory staff evaluates the properties of a given material, selects appropriate analytical methods, and executes a laboratory work plan that results in a comprehensive technical report. In early 1996, the Company relocated the laboratory from its headquarter offices to its waste handling facility in Braintree.
The Company also maintains laboratories at its waste management facilities to identify and characterize waste materials prior to acceptance for treatment and disposal, and operates mobile laboratory facilities for field use in emergency response and remedial action situations.
Personnel Training. The Company provides comprehensive personnel training programs for its own employees and those of its customers on a commercial basis. Such programs are designed to promote safe work practices under potential hazardous environmental conditions, whether or not toxic chemicals are present, in compliance with stringent regulations promulgated under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 ("RCRA") and the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act ("OSHA"). The Company's Technical Training Center at its Kingston, Massachusetts facility includes a 2,000 gallon tank for confined space entry, exit, and extraction, an air-system demonstration maze, respirator fit testing room, leak and spill response equipment, and a layout of a mock decontamination zone, all designed to fulfill the requirements of OSHA Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response Standard.
CUSTOMERS
The Company's sales efforts are directed toward establishing and maintaining relationships with businesses which have ongoing requirements for one or more of the Company's services. The Company's customer list includes many of the largest United States industrial companies. In addition, the Company's customers include most of the major utilities in the Northeast and Mid- Atlantic regions. The Company's customers are primarily chemical, petroleum, transportation, utility and industrial firms, other waste management companies and government agencies. Management believes that the Company's diverse customer base, in terms of number, industry and geographic location, as well as its large presence in New England, provide it with a recurring stream of revenue. The Company estimates that in excess of 80% of its revenues are derived from previously served customers with recurring needs for the Company's services. The Company believes the loss of any single customer would not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
The Company's customer base is diverse, and generally not concentrated in particular industries, such as the petroleum or defense sectors, where business activity may be cyclical. In addition to serving industrial customers such as utilities, railroads, pipelines, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and chemical companies, the Company serves health care and educational institutions, federal, state and local governmental bodies, and thousands of small quantity generators who have recurring needs for multiple services in managing their environmental exposure.
Under applicable environmental laws and regulations, generators of hazardous wastes retain potential legal liability for the proper treatment of such wastes through and including their ultimate disposal. In response to
these potential liability concerns, many large generators of industrial wastes and other purchasers of waste management services (such as general contractors on major remediation projects) have increasingly sought to decrease the number of providers of such services that they utilize. Waste management companies which are selected as "approved vendors" by such large generators and other purchasers are firms, such as the Company, that possess comprehensive collection, recycling, treatment, transportation, disposal and waste tracking capabilities and have the expertise and financial capacity necessary to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. By becoming an "approved vendor" of a large waste generator or other purchaser, the Company becomes eligible to provide waste management services to the various plants and projects of such generator or purchaser which are located in the Company's service areas. However, in order to obtain such "approved vendor" status, it may be necessary for the Company to bid against other qualified competitors in terms of the services and pricing to be provided. Furthermore, large generators or other purchasers of waste management services often periodically audit the Company's facilities and operations to ensure that the Company's waste management services to such customers are being performed in compliance with applicable laws and regulations and with other criteria established by the Company and by such customers.
COMPLIANCE/HEALTH & SAFETY
The Company regards compliance with applicable environmental regulations as a critical component of its overall operations, both from the standpoint of the health and safety of its employees and as a service to its customers. The Company strives to maintain the highest professional standards in its compliance activities; its internal operating requirements are in many instances more stringent than those imposed by regulation. The Company's compliance program has been developed for each of its operational facilities and service centers under the direction of the Company's corporate compliance and health and safety staff. The compliance staff is composed of approximately 45 full-time employees who are responsible for facilities permitting and regulatory compliance, health and safety, field safety, compliance training, transportation compliance, and related record keeping. The Company also performs periodic audits and inspections of the disposal facilities of other firms utilized by the Company.
The Company's treatment, storage and recovery facilities are frequently inspected and audited by regulatory agencies, as well as by customers. Although the Company's facilities have been cited on occasion for regulatory violations, the Company believes that each facility is currently in substantial compliance with applicable requirements. Major facilities and service centers have a full-time compliance or health and safety representative to oversee the implementation of the Company's compliance program at the facility or service center. These highly-trained regulatory specialists are independent from operations and report to corporate compliance and health & safety directors, who in turn report directly to the Chief Executive Officer.
MANAGEMENT OF RISKS
The Company follows a program of risk management policies and practices designed to reduce potential liability, as well as to manage customers' ongoing regulatory responsibilities. This program includes installation of risk management systems at the facilities, such as fire suppression, employee training, environmental auditing, and policy decisions restricting the types of wastes handled. The Company evaluates all revenue opportunities and declines those which it believes involve unacceptable risks. The Company avoids handling high-hazard waste such as explosives, and frequently utilizes specialty subcontractors to handle any such materials when discovered at a job site.
The Company only disposes of its wastes at facilities owned and operated by firms which the Company has approved as prudent and financially sound. Typically, the Company applies established technologies to the treatment, storage and recovery of hazardous wastes. The Company believes its operations are conducted in a safe and prudent manner and in substantial compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
INSURANCE
The Company's present insurance programs cover the potential risks associated with its multifaceted operations from two primary exposures: direct physical damage and third-party liability. The Company maintains a casualty insurance program providing coverage for vehicles, workers' compensation, employer's liability, and comprehensive general liability in the aggregate amount of $30,000,000 per year, subject to a retention of $250,000 per occurrence, except on general liability where the retention is $500,000 per occurrence. The workers' compensation limits are established by state statutes. Since the early 1980s, casualty insurance policies have typically excluded liability for pollution, which is covered under a separate pollution liability program.
The Company has pollution liability insurance policies covering the Company's potential risk in three areas: as a contractor performing services at customer sites; as a transporter of waste; and while it handles waste at the Company's facilities. The Company has contractor's liability insurance of $10,000,000 per occurrence and $10,000,000 in the aggregate, covering off-site remedial activities and associated liabilities. Lloyds of London provides pollution liability coverage for waste in-transit with single occurrence and aggregate liability limits of $29,000,000. This Lloyds of London policy covers liability in excess of $1,000,000 for pollution caused by sudden and accidental occurrences during transportation of waste and at the Company's facilities, from the time waste is picked up from a customer until its delivery to the final disposal site. The Company's $30,000,000 excess automobile liability insurance provides additional coverage for any in-transit pollution losses from accidents over and above the Lloyds of London coverage, so that it has a total of $59,000,000 of in-transit coverage.
Federal and state regulations require liability insurance coverage for all facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste. In 1989, the Company established a captive insurance company pursuant to the Federal Risk Retention Act of 1986. This company qualifies as a licensed insurance company and is authorized to write professional liability and pollution liability insurance for the Company and its operating subsidiaries. RCRA and comparable state hazardous waste regulations typically require hazardous waste handling facilities to maintain pollution liability insurance in the amount of $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 in the aggregate per year for sudden occurrences and $3,000,000 per occurrence and $6,000,000 in the aggregate per year for non-sudden occurrences. Currently, the Company uses its captive insurance company to provide (i) the first $1,000,000 of insurance against liability from sudden occurrences at its facilities, with the excess coverage provided by Lloyds of London, and (ii) the full policy limits of insurance for non-sudden occurrences.
Operators of hazardous waste handling facilities are also required by federal and state regulations to provide financial assurance that certain funds will be available for closure and post closure care of those facilities, should the facility cease operation. For example, closure would include the cost of removing the waste stored at a facility which ceased operating, and sending the material to another company for disposal. The Company utilizes its captive insurance company to provide such financial assurance for the waste management facilities it currently owns, with the exception of the Kimball incinerator which has closure insurance provided by a commercial insurer.
The Company's ability to continue conducting its industrial waste management operations could be adversely affected if the Company should become unable to obtain sufficient insurance to meet its business and regulatory requirements in the future. The availability of insurance may also be influenced by developments within the insurance industry, although other businesses in the industrial waste management industry would be similarly impacted by such developments.
Under the Company's insurance programs, coverage is obtained for catastrophic exposures as well as those risks required to be insured by law or contract. It is the policy of the Company to retain a significant portion of certain expected losses related primarily to workers' compensation, physical loss to property, and comprehensive general and vehicle liability. Provisions for losses expected under these programs are recorded
based upon the Company's estimates of the aggregate liability for claims. The Company has been successful in negotiating lower premiums recently, due in part to its favorable historical loss experience. The cancellation terms applicable to the Company are similar to those of other companies in other industries.
COMPETITION
The Company competes with numerous large and small companies, each of which is able to provide one or more of the industrial waste management services offered by the Company and some of which have access to greater financial resources. The Company believes it offers a more comprehensive range of industrial waste management services than its competitors in major portions of its service territory. The Company also believes that its ability to market and provide its services on an integrated basis constitutes a significant competitive advantage for the Company.
The Company's competitive position with respect to its treatment and disposal services is enhanced by the proximity of its facilities to hazardous waste generators and the barriers to market entry provided by capital and licensing requirements. However, treatment, recovery and disposal operations are conducted by a number of national and regional waste management firms. The Company believes that physical proximity of treatment and disposal facilities, comprehensiveness of services, safety, quality and efficiency of services, and pricing are the most significant factors in the market for treatment and disposal services.
In field services, the Company's competitors include major national and regional environmental services firms which have environmental remediation staffs. The availability of skilled technical professional personnel, quality of performance, diversity of services and, to a certain extent, price, are the key competitive factors.
EMPLOYEES
As of February 1, 1996, the Company employed 1,438 people on a regular basis. None of the Company's employees is subject to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company believes that its relationship with its employees is satisfactory.
ITEM 2.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The properties of the Company consist primarily of its 12 waste management facilities and 17 service centers, various environmental remediation equipment, and a fleet of approximately 1,000 registered pieces of transportation equipment. Most service center locations are leased, and occasionally move to other locations as operations grow and space requirements increase. The 12 waste management facilities are described below. All of these facilities are owned by the Company, except (i) the Chicago hazardous waste management facility which is leased under a lease which (with extensions) expires September 2020, (ii) the Woburn, Massachusetts waste oil treatment and storage facility which is leased under a lease which (with extensions) expires February 2004, and (iii) the Virginia waste oil treatment and storage facility which is leased under a lease which (with extensions) expires February 2002.
Hazardous Waste Management Facilities. The Company currently maintains nine hazardous waste management facilities at which it processes, treats and temporarily stores hazardous wastes for later resale, reuse or off-site treatment or disposal. Every facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous wastes must obtain a license from the federal EPA or an authorized state agency and must comply with certain operating requirements. See "Environmental Regulation-Federal Regulation of Hazardous Waste" below for a description of licenses issued under the RCRA. All nine hazardous waste management facilities are subject to RCRA licensing. Eight of the nine facilities have been issued RCRA Part B licenses, one of which is under appeal.
Two of the facilities described above are waste oil treatment and storage facilities which are subject to RCRA licensing because some petroleum products, such as gasoline, are considered hazardous waste under federal law or are located in a state which regulates waste oil as a hazardous waste. In order to handle a variety
of waste oil and petroleum products and support its field service activities in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, the Company has obtained RCRA licenses for those two facilities.
The Company has made substantial modifications and improvements to the physical plant and treatment and process equipment at its treatment facilities. These modifications are consistent with the Company's strategy to upgrade the quality and efficiency of treatment services, to expand the range of services provided and to ensure regulatory compliance and operating efficiencies at these facilities. Major features of this program are the addition of new treatment systems, such as the CES in Baltimore, expansion of analytical testing laboratories, drum storage and processing facilities, and equipment rearrangement and replacement to improve operating efficiency.
Braintree, MA. The Braintree facility is located just south of Boston. The facility is primarily engaged in drummed waste processing and consolidation, solvent recovery, transformer decommissioning, PCB storage and processing, blending of waste used as supplemental fuel by industrial furnaces, pretreatment of waste to stabilize it before it is sent to landfills, and incineration of small quantities of nonhazardous waste. The facility continues to operate under a state Interim Hazardous Waste Facility License issued by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection ("DEP") in 1981. The Company acquired the facility in 1985. In June 1992, the DEP approved the Company's application for a final Hazardous Waste Facility License, and issued a final Part B license for a five-year term. The Town of Braintree and two adjoining communities have appealed the DEP's decision to issue the final Part B license, and requested an adjudicatory hearing before the DEP, which is the normal appeal process. The appeal is an administrative proceeding before the DEP, and the facility will continue to operate normally pursuant to its state license and Interim Status authority under RCRA while the DEP considers the appeal. In the fall of 1995 the two adjoining communities withdrew their appeals. The Company is confident the review will result in confirmation of the license as granted. The authority from the federal EPA to handle PCBs is not impacted by the towns' appeal of the Part B license.
Natick, MA. The Natick, Massachusetts facility is located just west of Boston. Its primary services are collecting CleanPacks and repackaging the small quantities of laboratory and household chemicals into 55-gallon drum quantities, consolidating wastes for shipment to other Company facilities or third parties for further treatment or disposal, and serving as a transfer station for the Northeast region. The facility has a state Hazardous Waste Facility License (the state equivalent of a Part B license), which was renewed in October 1994 for a five-year term. The facility is also authorized by the federal EPA to handle PCBs.
Chicago, IL. The Chicago, Illinois facility is located on the south side of Chicago, on Lake Calumet. It provides treatment of nonhazardous and hazardous industrial wastewaters, drummed waste processing and consolidation, and transfer and repackaging of laboratory chemicals into CleanPacks. In November 1993, the Illinois EPA issued a Part B license for a ten-year term, which significantly expanded the waste handling and storage capacity of the facility. In November 1995, the permit was modified to include the assets acquired from ChemWaste Management, Inc. ("ChemWaste"). The new license increased drum storage capacity and allows handling of material destined for blending of waste used as supplemental fuel by industrial furnaces, pretreatment of waste to stabilize it before it is sent to landfills, and rail shipment of hazardous and nonhazardous waste.
As an alternative to making the needed improvements to its own site, the Company in November 1995 acquired assets from ChemWaste on an adjoining leased site, together with the existing improvements, in exchange for sharing the costs of dismantling an existing hazardous waste incinerator and cleaning up the adjoining site. The existing improvements on the ChemWaste site, and those improvements recently constructed on the site by the Company, will allow the Company to develop new product lines not currently handled at the Company's existing facility. Under the sharing arrangement with ChemWaste, the Company could over a period of 15 years be required to contribute up to a maximum of $2,000,000 for dismantling and decontaminating the incinerator and other equipment and up to a maximum of $7,000,000 for studies and cleanup of the site. Any additional costs beyond those contemplated by the sharing arrangement during this time period would be borne by ChemWaste. In addition, the Company entered into a five year disposal services
agreement with Chemical Waste Management in connection with the acquisition of the assets on the adjacent site. Pursuant to the terms of the disposal services agreement, the Company has agreed to use best efforts to deliver waste materials to ChemWaste facilities for disposal subject to certain customer preferences, scheduling and other considerations.
Cleveland, OH. The Cleveland, Ohio facility is located south of downtown Cleveland. It is a wastewater treatment facility that treats nonhazardous and hazardous industrial wastewaters, and serves as a transfer station for various types of containerized hazardous and nonhazardous waste. The facility is not subject to Part B licensing requirements, since its on-site wastewater treatment activities are regulated pursuant to the Clean Water Act, and therefore are exempt from RCRA.
Baltimore, MD. The Baltimore, Maryland facility is located adjacent to Interstate 95 in central Baltimore. It provides treatment of nonhazardous and hazardous industrial aqueous wastes, drummed waste processing, pretreatment of waste to stabilize it before it is sent to landfills, and transfer of CleanPacks. It is the only commercial hazardous waste treatment facility in Maryland. The facility has a state Controlled Hazardous Substances permit (the state equivalent of a Part B license), which was issued in 1987. In 1990, the Company received a permit modification to expand the range of waste streams the facility can accept and to install the CES, which allows the facility to treat a wide range of hazardous wastewaters contaminated with gasoline, chlorinated solvents and many other organic contaminants, which were formerly sent to other companies for incineration. In 1992, the Maryland Department of the Environment issued a new Controlled Hazardous Substances permit for a three-year term, which significantly expanded the waste handling and storage capacity of the facility. The new permit also allows handling of CleanPacks and material destined for fuels-blending, pretreatment of waste to stabilize it before it is sent to landfills, and rail shipment of hazardous and nonhazardous waste. In June, 1995 the Company submitted a permit renewal application which allows operations to continue until the renewal application is approved.
Bristol, CT. In July 1992, the Company acquired Connecticut Treatment Corporation, located in Bristol, Connecticut, approximately 20 miles southwest of Hartford. It provides hazardous wastewater treatment, drummed waste processing and consolidation, and transfer of CleanPacks. This facility also offers two specialized services: equipment "de-manufacturing," such as dismantling outdated computers, and treatment of special categories of hazardous wastewaters known as "listed" wastewaters resulting from industrial processes such as electroplating.
The Bristol facility has a Part B license issued by the federal EPA and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. The license was issued in 1987 and expired in 1991. A new license was applied for and the facility continued to operate while the EPA and DEP reviewed the renewal application. The Company also applied for approval to expand the number of hazardous waste codes allowed to be handled, expand container storage capacity from 1,000 drums to 3,500 drums, and add eight tanks for storage of sludge and stabilization materials. In April 1995, the DEP issued a renewal of the license, with the additions requested by the Company. The term of the license is five years.
The Bristol facility also treats hazardous industrial wastewater, and has a permit to discharge to the publicly owned sewage treatment works an average of 50,000 gallons per day of treated water. These treatment activities are licensed by the Connecticut DEP pursuant to the Clean Water Act, and are not subject to Part B licensing requirements. In 1990 the Company's predecessor applied for renewal and modification of its Clean Water Act license, to allow construction of additional tanks for wastewater treatment and installation of new wastewater treatment technologies, such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. The discharge limit would remain at 50,000 gallons average per day. In April 1995, a 5 year permit renewal was issued by DEP.
Cincinnati, OH. In February 1993, the Company acquired Spring Grove Resource Recovery, Inc. ("Spring Grove"), located north of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. It provides hazardous wastewater treatment, drummed waste processing and consolidation, pretreatment of waste to stabilize it before it is sent to landfills, and transfer of CleanPacks. The facility holds a state Hazardous Waste Facility Installation and Operation permit (RCRA
Part B) which was renewed in December 1993 for a five-year term. The facility is also authorized to handle PCBs. On March 31, 1994, the Ohio EPA approved the Company's application for a revised, comprehensive state permit that expands the range of waste that may be received and treated at the facility and allows installation of sophisticated equipment for handling and processing material to be sent to boilers and industrial furnaces and used as supplemental fuel. In May 1995, the Ohio Hazardous Waste Facility Board approved the transfer of the facility hazardous waste permit from the former owner of the facility to Clean Harbors.
Kimball, NE. In May 1995, the Company acquired a newly constructed hazardous waste incinerator in Kimball, Nebraska from Ecova Corporation, an affiliate of Amoco Oil Company. The Kimball facility includes a 45,000 ton-per-year fluidized bed thermal oxidation unit for maximum destruction efficiency of hazardous waste. It is a new, state-of-the-art facility staffed with a highly trained and motivated workforce. The construction of the incinerator and its operation have received widespread support in the local community. The incinerator has a RCRA Part B license issued by the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality ("NDEQ"). In December 1994, the NDEQ approved commercial operation at 75% of capacity. The incinerator will be authorized to operate at 100% capacity upon issuance of a final Air Operating Permit which is expected to be issued by NDEQ in mid 1996.
The incinerator is located on a 600 acre site, which includes a landfill for disposal of incinerator ash. If the chemical composition of the ash meets the permit requirements, which is subject to verification before it is landfilled on-site, the ash will be classified as "delisted", meaning it will no longer be regulated as a hazardous waste under federal and state laws. No other commercial incineration facility in the United States is currently permitted to delist ash. Although the ash will be classified as nonhazardous, the landfill has been constructed to meet RCRA Subtitle C standards, which are the same stringent requirements as for landfills designed to handle hazardous waste.
The acquisition of this facility responds to a developing trend within the hazardous waste management industry: many generators of industrial waste prefer to treat hazardous waste, rather than bury it, because of concerns about the long-term liability associated with landfill disposal of the residue which results from incineration of the generator's hazardous waste. Conventional incinerators produce a "slag" which is regulated as a hazardous waste. The residue from the Kimball treatment facility, in contrast, is ash rather than slag. The ash meets the standards set by NDEQ for "delisting" and is therefore deemed to be non-hazardous.
During September 1995, the Kimball treatment facility entered a new, expanded phase of operations as a result of two actions by Federal and State regulators. The United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") authorized the facility to begin accepting wastes generated at sites being remediated pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA," also known as the "Superfund Act"). The EPA authorization to begin accepting wastes generated at CERCLA sites allows the Company to be directly involved in the safe treatment and disposal of wastes from Federal cleanup efforts including Superfund sites, a large portion of the incineration marketplace. Prior to obtaining CERCLA approval, the Kimball facility was limited to accepting hazardous wastes regulated by RCRA. RCRA waste materials are made up of the same constituents as CERCLA wastes, but are generated from various ongoing industrial operations rather than Federal cleanup activities at specific locations or Federal Superfund sites. In a separate action, the NDEQ approved the use of the facility's on-site landfill for disposal of ash residue as well as residues from the facility's air pollution control system. The facility now has all approvals necessary to fully use its waste disposal capacity.
The Company believes that the facility offers capabilities which will be very attractive to its major customers. In particular, the facility is expected to have operating costs lower than most other incinerators, given the minimal acquisition cost to the Company and its unique ability to dispose of delisted ash on-site, which will save on the cost of shipping ash to another company for landfilling. The Company expects to realize significant savings by using the Kimball facility to incinerate waste previously sent to other incinerators. Since the incinerator is a new facility, many of the Company's customers will visit the facility for a comprehensive audit of its operations before they will approve the site for disposal of their hazardous waste. As a result,
considerable time is needed to complete the audit and approval process before the Company can begin shipping waste to the facility. As of December 31, 1995, over fifty large customers had audited and approved the facility, and approvals from another dozen customers were pending.
As part of the acquisition, the Company agreed to make royalty payments to Ecova Corporation through 2004, based on the number of tons processed at the facility.
Waste Oil Treatment and Storage Facilities. The Company has four waste oil treatment and storage facilities: two in Massachusetts, one in Maine, and one in Virginia. The Massachusetts facilities are located in Kingston and Woburn, in the Boston area. The Kingston facility has a state recycling permit and is able to store oil collected from various activities, ranging from routine cleaning of oil storage terminals to oil spill cleanups. The facility is also used for maintenance activities and for training of employees of the Company and third-party customers. The Woburn facility is a waste oil storage and transfer facility, and received a Part B license in October 1993 for a five- year term.
The facility in South Portland, Maine is a petroleum reclamation facility that handles most of the waste oil received by the Company, which comes primarily from the Company's remediation activities. It has a municipal sewer user permit allowing the discharge of water separated from oil. The Company also owns another property in South Portland located on Main Street. It has a license to store virgin oil, but it also is permitted for the temporary storage and transfer of containerized hazardous waste.
The Virginia facility is located near Richmond, and was acquired in September 1994. The facility is able to store oil and gasoline-contaminated wastewaters collected from various activities, ranging from routine cleaning of oil storage terminals to oil spill cleanups. The facility operates under RCRA interim status pending the final submittal and review of its application for a Part B license.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
While the Company's business has benefited substantially from increased governmental regulation of hazardous waste transportation, storage and disposal, the industrial waste management industry itself has become the subject of extensive and evolving regulation by federal, state and local authorities. The Company makes a continuing effort to anticipate regulatory, political and legal developments that might affect its operations, but is not always able to do so. The Company cannot predict the extent to which any environmental legislation or regulation that may be enacted or enforced in the future may affect its operations.
On December 21, 1995, the EPA proposed to amend its regulations in the RCRA by establishing constituent-specific exit levels for low-risk solid wastes that are designated as hazardous because they are listed, or have been mixed with, derived from, or contain listed hazardous wastes. Under the proposal, generators of listed hazardous wastes that meet the self-implementing exit levels would no longer be subject to the hazardous waste management system under Subtitle C of RCRA as listed hazardous wastes. The proposed rulemaking, referred to as the Hazardous Waste Identification Rule ("HWIR"), establishes a risk-based "floor" to hazardous waste listings that will encourage pollution prevention, waste minimization, and the development of innovative waste treatment technologies. If passed, the HWIR may impact the Company's incinerator in Kimball, since many wastes which are currently required to be managed as a hazardous waste may no longer require incineration at a RCRA incineration unit such as Kimball.
The Company is required to obtain federal, state and local licenses or approvals for each of its hazardous waste facilities. Such licenses are difficult to obtain and, in many instances, extensive studies, tests, and public hearings are required before the approvals can be issued. The Company has acquired or is in the process of applying for all operating licenses and approvals required for the current operation of its business and has applied for or is in the process of applying for all licenses and approvals needed in connection with planned expansion or modifications of its operations.
FEDERAL REGULATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
The most significant federal environmental laws affecting the Company are RCRA, the Superfund Act and the Clean Water Act.
RCRA. RCRA is the principal federal statute governing hazardous waste generation, treatment, transportation, storage and disposal. Pursuant to RCRA, the EPA has established a comprehensive, "cradle-to-grave" system for the management of a wide range of materials identified as hazardous waste. States, such as Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Ohio and Nebraska, that have adopted hazardous waste management programs with standards at least as stringent as those promulgated by the EPA, have been authorized by the EPA to administer their facility permitting programs in lieu of the EPA's program.
Every facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a RCRA license from the EPA or an authorized state agency and must comply with certain operating requirements. Under RCRA, hazardous waste management facilities in existence on November 19, 1980 were required to submit a preliminary license application to the EPA, the so-called Part A Application. By virtue of this filing, a facility obtained Interim Status, allowing it to operate until licensing proceedings are instituted pursuant to more comprehensive and exacting regulations (the Part B licensing process). Interim Status facilities may continue to operate pursuant to the Part A Application until their Part B licensing process is concluded. Of the Company's 12 waste management facilities, nine are subject to RCRA licensing; of the nine, only the Virginia waste oil facility operates under interim status. The other eight have been issued Part B licenses, one of which is under appeal.
RCRA requires that Part B licenses contain provisions for required on-site study and cleanup activities, known as "corrective action," including detailed compliance schedules and provisions for assurance of financial responsibility. The EPA estimates that there are approximately 4,300 facilities that treat, store or dispose of hazardous wastes, which can be compelled to take corrective action when necessary. Some facilities are very large and have extensive contamination problems which rival the largest Superfund sites. Other facilities have relatively minor environmental problems. Still others will not need remedial action at all. It is the EPA's policy to compel corrective action at the "worst sites first." As a result, the EPA has developed a system for assessing the relative environmental cleanup priority of RCRA facilities, called the National Corrective Action Prioritization System, with a High, Medium or Low ranking for each facility. Although several facilities of its competitors have been assessed a High cleanup priority, none of the Company's RCRA facilities have been assessed as a High priority.
The Company has begun RCRA corrective action investigations at its Part B licensed facilities in Braintree, Natick, Bristol, Chicago, and Woburn. The Company is also involved in site studies at its non-RCRA facilities in Cleveland, Ohio; Kingston, Massachusetts; and on Main Street in South Portland, Maine. The Company spent approximately $790,000 on corrective action at the foregoing facilities in 1995. The Company does not expect that corrective action will be required at its Richmond, Virginia waste oil facility.
The Company is also involved in a RCRA corrective action investigation at a site in Chester, Pennsylvania owned by Philadelphia Electric Company ("PECO"). The site consists of approximately 30 acres which PECO has leased to various companies over the years. In 1989, the Company acquired by merger a public company named ChemClear Inc., which operated a hazardous waste treatment facility on approximately eight acres of the Chester site leased from PECO. The Company ceased operations at the Chester site, decontaminated the plant and equipment, engaged an independent engineer to certify closure, and obtained final approval from the Pennsylvania regulatory authorities, certifying final closure of the facility. In 1993, the EPA ordered PECO to perform a RCRA corrective action investigation at the Chester site. PECO asked the Company to participate in the site studies, and in October 1994, the Company agreed to be responsible for seventy-five percent of the cost of these studies, which is estimated to be in the range of $1,000,000 to $2,000,000, by performing field service work and analytical services required to complete the site studies and providing other environmental services to PECO at discounted rates.
While the final scopes of the work to be performed at these facilities have not yet been agreed upon, the Company believes, based upon information known to date about the nature and extent of contamination at these sites, that such costs will not have a material effect on its results of operations or its competitive position, and that it will be able to finance from operating revenues any additional corrective action required at its facilities. Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate.
The Bristol, Connecticut and Cincinnati, Ohio facilities were acquired from a subsidiary of Southdown, Inc. Southdown Inc. has agreed to indemnify the Company against any costs incurred or liability arising from contamination on- site, including the cost of corrective action, or waste disposed of off-site, including any liability under the Superfund Act, at those facilities.
The Superfund Act. The Superfund Act provides for immediate response and removal actions coordinated by the EPA to releases of hazardous substances into the environment, and authorizes the government to respond to the release or threatened release of hazardous substances or to order persons responsible for any such release to perform any necessary cleanup. The statute assigns joint and several liability for these responses and other related costs, including the cost of damage to natural resources, to the parties involved in the generation, transportation and disposal of such hazardous substances. Under the statute, the Company may be deemed liable as a generator or transporter of a hazardous substance which is released into the environment, or as the owner or operator of a facility from which there is a release of a hazardous substance into the environment. See also "Business--Legal Proceedings."
Clean Water Act. This legislation prohibits discharges to the waters of the United States without governmental authorization. The EPA has promulgated "pretreatment" regulations under the Clean Water Act, which establish pretreatment standards for introduction of pollutants into publicly owned treatment works. In the course of its treatment process, the Company's wastewater treatment facilities generate waste water which they discharge to publicly owned treatment works pursuant to permits issued by the appropriate governmental authority. The Clean Water Act also serves to create business opportunities for the Company in that it may prevent industrial users from discharging their untreated wastewaters to the sewer. If these industries cannot meet their discharge specifications, then they may utilize the services of an off-site pretreatment facility such as those of the Company.
Other Federal Laws. Company operations are also subject to the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA"), pursuant to which the EPA regulates over 60,000 commercially produced chemical substances, including the proper disposal of PCBs. TSCA has established a comprehensive regulatory program for PCBs, under the jurisdiction of the EPA, which oversees the storage, treatment and disposal of PCBs at the Company's facilities in Braintree and Natick, Massachusetts; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Bristol, Connecticut. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA also regulates emissions into the air of potentially harmful substances. In its transportation operations, the Company is regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Federal Railroad Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard, as well as by the regulatory agencies of each state in which it operates or through which its trucks pass. Health and safety standards under the Occupational Safety and Health Act are also applicable.
STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS
Pursuant to the EPA's authorization of their RCRA equivalent programs, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Ohio, and Nebraska have regulatory programs governing the operations and permitting of hazardous waste facilities. Accordingly, the hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal activities of the Company's Braintree, Natick, Woburn, Bristol, Chicago, Baltimore, Cincinnati, and Kimball facilities are regulated by the relevant state agencies in addition to federal EPA regulation.
Some states, such as Connecticut and Massachusetts, classify as hazardous some wastes which are not regulated under RCRA. For example, Massachusetts considers PCBs and used oil as "hazardous wastes," while RCRA does not. Accordingly, the Company must comply with state requirements for handling state regulated
wastes, and when necessary obtain state licenses for treating, storing, and disposing of such wastes at its facilities.
The Company believes that each of its facilities is in substantial compliance with the applicable requirements of RCRA and state laws and regulations. Ten of the Company's twelve waste management facilities have been issued final licenses; the one for the Braintree facility is under appeal. The Richmond facility operates under interim status. Final action on the South Portland waste oil storage permit is expected in the Spring of 1996. Once issued, such licenses have maximum fixed terms of a given number of years, which differ from state to state, ranging from three years to ten years. The issuing state agency may review or modify a license at any time during its term. The Company anticipates that once a license is issued with respect to a facility, the license will be renewed at the end of its term if the facility's operations are in compliance with applicable requirements. However, there can be no assurance that regulations governing future licensing will remain static, or that the Company will be able to comply with such requirements.
The Company's wastewater treatment facilities are also subject to state and local regulation, most significantly sewer discharge regulations adopted by the municipalities which receive treated wastewater from the treatment processes. The Company's continued ability to operate its liquid waste treatment process at each such facility is dependent upon its ability to continue these sewer discharges.
The Company's facilities are regulated pursuant to state statutes, including those addressing clean water and clean air. Local sewer discharge and flammable storage requirements are applicable to certain of the Company's facilities. The Company's facilities are subject to local siting, zoning and land use restrictions. Although the Company's facilities occasionally have been cited for regulatory violations, the Company believes it is in substantial compliance with all federal, state and local laws regulating its business.
ITEM 3.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In April 1988, the Board of Selectmen of Braintree, Massachusetts, approved a cease and desist order with respect to the handling of flammable materials stored at the Company's Braintree facility. The Board concluded that, when the Company purchased the land on which the Braintree facility is located, a license for the storage of flammable liquids was not conveyed as an incident of ownership. The Company petitioned the Massachusetts Land Court for a declaratory judgment that either the Company possesses such a license by operation of law or that the statute requiring the license is pre-empted by the pervasive state regulation of hazardous waste facilities. In March 1994, the Land Court issued a favorable ruling, concluding that the statute is pre- empted by state hazardous waste laws and regulations and no local flammable storage license is required. The town has appealed this ruling, and has asked the Company to stipulate certain facts with respect to the other issues of the case so that a final appealable order can be issued by the Land Court. The Company has agreed to the stipulation but the Town has taken no further action.
In December 1991, the Company was asked to respond to an emergency cleanup after a motor vehicle struck a utility pole near the State University of New York at New Paltz, causing an electrical surge to overheat transformers which discharged toxic chemicals throughout various student dormitories and classroom buildings. The Company was hired by the State University of New York to perform technical supervisory and laboratory work for the cleanup. The actual work of cleaning the buildings was performed over approximately 15 months by other contractors hired by the State of New York. In March 1993, a group of students sued the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York ("DASNY") claiming that they were exposed to toxic chemicals when DASNY allowed them to reoccupy the buildings after the accident and prior to a complete removal of the toxic chemicals, causing them increased risk of future illnesses. DASNY denied the students' claims but elected to sue the Company along with 16 other third-party defendants claiming that if DASNY is liable to the students, these third-party defendants should indemnify DASNY. The Company was hired by the State University of New York to perform representative sampling for toxic chemicals but, according to its contract, was not responsible for decisions as to when students should reoccupy the buildings. Nevertheless, in June 1994, the Company and the 16 other third parties were served with a third-party complaint filed in the Ulster
County Superior Court by DASNY. In January 1996, the trial judge ruled that the plaintiffs were not entitled to proceed as a class action for the medical cost claims, but were entitled to class action status for personal property losses. Since the personal property losses resulted directly from the explosions and fire, and occurred prior to the Company's involvement, the Company does not believe that it will incur any material liability as a result of this lawsuit. The Company has not received notice that the plaintiffs will appeal the trial judge's ruling.
Certain Company subsidiaries have transported or generated waste sent to sites which have been designated state or federal Superfund sites. As a result, the Company has been named as a potentially responsible party ("PRP") in a number of lawsuits arising from the disposal of wastes at 20 state and federal Superfund sites.
Eleven of these sites involve two subsidiaries which the Company acquired from ChemWaste, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of WMX Technologies, Inc. As part of the acquisition, ChemWaste agreed to indemnify the Company with respect to any liability of its Natick and Braintree subsidiaries for waste disposed of before the Company acquired them. Accordingly, ChemWaste is paying all costs of defending the Company's Natick and Braintree subsidiaries in these cases, including legal fees and settlement costs.
The Company's subsidiary which owns the Bristol, Connecticut facility is involved in one Superfund site. As part of the acquisition of the Bristol and Cincinnati, Ohio facilities, the seller and its parent company, Southdown, Inc., agreed to indemnify the Company with respect to any liability for waste disposed of before the Company acquired the facilities, which would include any liability arising from Superfund sites.
With respect to the other Superfund sites at which the Company believes it may face liability, the Company has established reserves or escrows which it believes are appropriate. Therefore, the Company believes that any future settlement costs arising from any or all of the 20 Superfund sites will not be material to the Company's operations or financial position. Management routinely reviews each Superfund site in which the Company's subsidiaries are involved, considers each subsidiary's role at each site and its relationship to the other PRPs at the site, the quantity and content of the waste it disposed of at the site, and the number and financial capabilities of the other PRPs at the site. Based on reviews of the various sites and currently available information, and management's judgment and prior experience with similar situations, expense accruals are provided by the Company for its share of future site cleanup costs, and existing accruals are revised as necessary. As of December 31, 1995, the Company had accrued environmental costs of $405,000 for cleanup of Superfund sites. Superfund legislation permits strict joint and several liability to be imposed without regard to fault, and, as a result, one PRP might be required to bear significantly more than its proportional share of the cleanup costs if other PRPs do not pay their share of such costs.
Five of the 20 sites involve former subsidiaries of ChemClear Inc. One of the five sites is the Strasburg Landfill site in Pennsylvania. The Company and two other parties identified as PRPs received an order from the EPA in 1989 to perform certain emergency measures at the site. The Company responded by installing a leachate treatment and discharge system and repairing the landfill slope. Since early 1990, the Company has spent approximately $400,000 in complying with the EPA order. In 1992, the EPA issued its Record of Decision for the site which proposes recapping and revegetating the landfill and installing certain air emission and leachate treatment systems. In January 1993, the Company and eight other PRPs submitted to the EPA a Response to Notice Letter, which recommended additional study be performed at the site by the PRP group and that a final remedy be based on the additional data developed during the study. In July 1995, the PRP group received a reply from the EPA, which declined to accept the good faith offer submitted by the nine PRPs in January 1993. The EPA advised the PRP group that it planned to utilize Superfund monies to design and implement the remedy specified in the Record of Decision for the site, and initiate a cost recovery action for its past costs in the amount of approximately $6,000,000. The EPA indicated that the future remediation costs are estimated to be $11,000,000. In their October 1995 response to the EPA, the PRPs have indicated their willingness to accept the EPA's offer to engage in alternative dispute resolution to settle the claim for past costs. In January 1996, the Company and 16 other PRP's signed a standstill and tolling agreement with the EPA which allows for settlement discussions to take place up to July 15, 1996. In February 1996, the Company filed suit in
the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against certain PRP's in order to preserve its claims for cost recovery and contribution against those parties. The Company believes its ultimate exposure in this case will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
Mr. Frank, Inc., which was acquired by the Company in July 1992, is involved in three Superfund sites, as a transporter of waste generated by others prior to the Company's purchase of Mr. Frank, Inc. The Company acquired Mr. Frank, Inc. in exchange for 233,000 shares of the Company's common stock, of which 33,222 shares were deposited into an escrow account to be held as security for the sellers' agreement to indemnify the Company against potential liabilities, including environmental liabilities arising from prior ownership and operation of Mr. Frank, Inc.
ITEM 4.

ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
No matters were submitted to a vote of the Company's security holders during the fourth quarter of 1995.
PART II
ITEM 5.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The Company's common stock began trading publicly in the over-the-counter market on November 24, 1987 and was added to the NASDAQ National Market System effective December 15, 1987. The Company's common stock trades on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol: CLHB. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices of the Company's common stock for the indicated periods as reported by NASDAQ.
On February 1, 1996 there were 920 holders of record of the Company's common stock, excluding stockholders whose shares were held in nominee name.
The Company has never declared nor paid any cash dividends on its common stock. In February 1993, the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of up to 156,416 shares designated as Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with a cumulative dividend of 7% during the first year and 8% thereafter, payable either in cash or by the issuance of shares of common stock. 112,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the "Preferred Stock") were issued on February 16, 1993 in partial payment of the purchase price for Spring Grove. Except for payment of dividends on the Preferred Stock, the Company intends to retain all earnings for use in the Company's business and therefore does not anticipate paying any cash dividends on its common stock in the foreseeable future. The Company's bank credit agreements contain financial covenants which may effectively restrict or limit the payment of dividends other than Preferred Stock dividends. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this report.
Dividends on the Company's Preferred Stock are payable on the 15th day of January, April, July and October, at the rate of $1.00 per share, per quarter; 112,000 shares are outstanding. Under the terms of the
Preferred Stock, the Company can elect to pay dividends in cash or in common stock with a market value equal to the amount of the dividend payable. The Company elected to pay the October 15, 1995 and the January 15, 1996 dividends in common stock. The market value of the common stock as of the October 1, 1995 and January 1, 1996 record dates of such dividends was $3.8375 and $2.6125, respectively. Accordingly, the Company has issued 72,058 shares of common stock to the holders of the Preferred Stock. The Company anticipates that the Preferred Stock dividends payable through 1996 will be paid in common stock.
ITEM 6.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial information should be reviewed in conjunction with Item 7

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated certain operating data associated with the Company's results of operations. This table and subsequent discussions should be read in conjunction with Item 6 - -Selected Financial Data and Item 8

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Clean Harbors, Inc.:
We have audited the consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule of Clean Harbors, Inc. and its subsidiaries listed in Item 14(a) of this Form 10-K. These financial statements and the financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and the financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Clean Harbors, Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 1995 and 1994, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1995, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule referred to above, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information required to be included therein.
Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P.
Boston, Massachusetts January 31, 1996 (except with respect to Note 9, as to which the date is March 20, 1996)
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
ASSETS (IN THOUSANDS)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT FOR SHARE INFORMATION)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED) (IN THOUSANDS)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
FOR THE THREE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995 (IN THOUSANDS)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(1) OPERATIONS
Clean Harbors, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company") are engaged in the business of industrial waste management services involving treatment and disposal of industrial wastes; field services provided at customer sites; and specialized handling of laboratory chemicals and household hazardous wastes. The Company provides these services to a diversified customer base across the United States, primarily in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Regions.
(2) SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described below:
(a) Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated statements include the accounts of Clean Harbors, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
(b) Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenues and accrues the related cost of treatment and disposal upon the receipt of waste materials, except for incineration when revenue is recognized as waste is burned. Other revenues are recognized as the related costs are incurred.
(c) Income Taxes
Under the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes" (SFAS 109), deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The principal types of differences between assets and liabilities for financial statement and tax return purposes are accumulated depreciation, business combinations accounted for by the purchase method, and provisions for doubtful accounts.
(d) Net Income Per Common and Common Equivalent Share
Net income per common and common equivalent share is based on net income less preferred dividend requirements divided by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during each of the respective years. Fully diluted net income per common share has not been presented as the amount would not differ significantly from that presented.
(e) Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with original maturities of less than three months to be cash equivalents.
(f) Restricted Investments
The Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, "Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities" (SFAS 115), in 1994. Under this statement, some of the Company's debt securities are classified as "available for sale" and are recorded at current market value with an offsetting valuation adjustment, net of tax, in stockholders' equity. The remaining securities are classified as "held to
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) maturity" and are recorded at amortized cost. In accordance with SFAS 115, financial statements from prior years have not been restated to reflect the change in accounting method. There was no cumulative effect as a result of adopting SFAS 115 in 1994.
(g) Supplies Inventory
Supplies inventory, stated at the lower of cost or market, is charged to operations on a first-in, first-out basis.
(h) Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. The Company depreciates and amortizes the cost of these assets, less the estimated salvage value, using the straight-line method as follows:
Leaseholds are amortized over the shorter of the life of the lease or the asset. Upon retirement or other disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of the assets are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in income. Site preparation and improvement costs are included in land.
(i) Goodwill and Permits
Goodwill and permits, as further discussed in Notes 5 and 6, are stated at cost and are being amortized using the straight-line method over 20 years for permits and periods ranging from 20 to 40 years for goodwill.
(j) Letters of Credit
The Company utilizes letters of credit to provide collateral assurance to issuers of performance bonds for certain contracts; to assure regulatory authorities that certain funds will be available for corrective action activities at its hazardous waste management facilities, as described in Note 8(b) below; and to provide financial assurance to regulators of its captive insurance company. As of December 31, 1995 and 1994, the Company had outstanding letters of credit amounting to $7,535,000 and $7,492,000, respectively.
As of December 31, 1995, the Company had no significant concentrations of credit risk.
(k) Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
(3) FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted investments, and long-term obligations approximate fair value. The Company believes similar terms for long-term obligations would be attainable. The fair value of restricted investments and senior notes is based on quoted market prices for these securities. At
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) December 31, 1995, the estimated fair values of the Company's financial instruments are as follows (in thousands):
(4) RESTRICTED INVESTMENTS
Federal and state regulations require liability insurance coverage for all facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste, and financial assurance that certain funds will be available for closure of those facilities, should a facility cease operation. In 1989, the Company established a wholly-owned captive insurance company pursuant to the Federal Risk Retention Act of 1986. This company qualifies as a licensed insurance company and is authorized to write closure, professional liability, and pollution liability insurance for the Company and its operating subsidiaries. Investments are held by the captive insurance company as collateral for its insurance policies and are restricted for future payment of insurance claims. At December 31, 1995, the amortized cost of these securities was $2,451,000. A valuation allowance of $22,000 was recorded to reflect the market value of $2,429,000, and a realized gain of $4,000 was reflected in net income for the year. The amortized cost of these securities held at December 31, 1994 was $1,731,000. A valuation allowance of $220,000 was recorded to reflect the market value of $1,511,000, and a realized loss of $1,000 was reflected in net income for the year. Investments held consist of fixed maturity and mortgage- backed securities. Fixed maturity securities, other than mortgage-backed securities, have contractual maturity dates after five years through ten years from December 31, 1995. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.
In addition, the Company deposited $5,000,000 with a commercial insurance company to provide for closure costs of the incinerator (see Note 5 below). These government debt securities, which mature in ten years, are classified as held-to-maturity and are reported at amortized cost due to the intent and ability of the Company to hold these securities to maturity. At December 31, 1995 the amortized cost of these securities was $5,207,000, while the market value was $5,683,000.
(5) BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS
On May 12, 1995, the Company acquired a newly constructed hazardous waste incinerator in Kimball, Nebraska from Ecova Corporation, a wholly-owned affiliate of Amoco Oil Company. The incinerator is subject to the final permit requirements under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended ("RCRA"), and has a RCRA "Part B" license issued by the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality ("NDEQ"). The incinerator is located on a 600 acre site, which includes a landfill for disposal of the ash from the incinerator. The Company acquired the Kimball facility for $5,160,000.
Under RCRA, an owner or operator of a "Part B" licensed facility must provide financial assurance that funds will be available for closure of the facility, should the facility cease operation. An owner or operator may satisfy the requirements for financial assurance by using one of several mechanisms allowed under RCRA: a trust fund, surety bond, letter of credit, insurance, financial test, or corporate guarantee. The mechanism chosen by the Company was insurance which has been approved by NDEQ. The Company has obtained two insurance policies: one covers closure of the incinerator, and the other covers closure of the landfill and the post-closure costs of caring for the site after the landfill is closed. Each insurance policy has a 30 year term.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) The NDEQ requires that the policy premiums through the year 2025 be prepaid by the Company to eliminate the risk that the policy might be canceled for failure to pay premiums some time in the future. The Company has also deposited funds into an escrow account as collateral for the insurance policies, which is restricted for future payment of insurance claims. Funds in the escrow account remain the property of the Company and are invested in long-term, fixed-rate interest bearing securities held as restricted investments.
As of December 31, 1995, the Company had paid $1,805,000 for the premium on the insurance policy for the incinerator, and had deposited $5,000,000 into the escrow account. The premium on the insurance policy for the landfill is $2,000,000, payable in two installments of $1,000,000 each, and the Company was required to deposit $650,000 into the escrow account. During the fourth quarter of 1995, the Company paid the first $1,000,000 premium installment; the second installment is payable in September 1996. The Company made the $650,000 deposit into the escrow account in the first quarter of 1996. The Company is also obligated to deliver to the insurance company a letter of credit in the amount of $1,000,000, which will increase by $250,000 each quarter until the balance of the letter of credit is $3,006,000, to provide additional collateral under the two insurance policies.
On September 30, 1994, the Company acquired the assets of a hazardous and nonhazardous oil reclamation facility located near Richmond, Virginia from Chemical Waste Management, Inc. ("ChemWaste") for $200,000 in cash and $200,000 in credits for future Company services. As of December 31, 1995 all credits had been used by ChemWaste.
On February 16, 1993, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Spring Grove Resource Recovery, Inc. ("Spring Grove"), a hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility located in Cincinnati, Ohio, from Southdown Environmental Treatment Systems, Inc. ("SETS") in exchange for $1,400,000 in cash and 112,000 shares of newly issued Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $5,600,000.
The results of operations of the Kimball incinerator, Spring Grove and the Richmond facility are included in the consolidated financial statements subsequent to the dates of acquisition by the Company. Pro forma information has not been included concerning these acquisitions since the assets and operations acquired were not material to those of the Company.
(6) INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Below is a summary of intangible assets at December 31, 1995 and 1994 (in thousands):
Amortization expense approximated $1,619,000, $1,619,000, and $1,433,000 for the years 1995, 1994, and 1993, respectively. The Company continually reevaluates the propriety of the carrying amount of permits and goodwill as well as the amortization period to determine whether current events and circumstances warrant adjustments to the carrying value and estimates of useful lives. At this time, the Company believes that no significant impairment of goodwill or permits has occurred and that no reduction of the book value or estimated useful lives is warranted.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
(7) OTHER ACCRUED EXPENSES
Other accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):
(8) LEGAL MATTERS AND OTHER CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS
(a) Legal Matters
In April, 1988, the Board of Selectman of Braintree, Massachusetts, approved a cease and desist order with respect to the handling of flammable materials stored at the Company's Braintree facility. The Board concluded that, when the Company purchased the land on which the Braintree facility is located, a license for the storage of flammable liquids was not conveyed as an incident of ownership. The Company petitioned the Massachusetts Land Court for a declaratory judgment that either the Company possesses such a license by operation of law or that the statute requiring the license is pre-empted by the pervasive state regulation of hazardous waste facilities. In March, 1994, the Land Court issued a favorable ruling, concluding that the statute is pre- empted by state hazardous waste laws and regulations and no local flammable storage license is required. The town has appealed this ruling, and has asked the Company to stipulate certain facts with respect to the other issues of the case so that a final appealable order can be issued by the Land Court. The Company has agreed to the stipulation but the Town has taken no further action.
In December, 1991, the Company was asked to respond to an emergency cleanup after a motor vehicle struck a utility pole near the State University of New York at New Paltz, causing an electrical surge to overheat transformers which discharged toxic chemicals throughout various student dormitories and classroom buildings. The Company was hired by the State University of New York to perform technical supervisory and laboratory work for the cleanup. The actual work of cleaning the buildings was performed over approximately 15 months by other contractors hired by the State of New York. In March 1993, a group of students sued the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York ("DASNY") claiming that they were exposed to toxic chemicals when DASNY allowed them to reoccupy the buildings after the accident and prior to complete removal of the toxic chemicals, causing them increased risk of future illnesses. DASNY denied the students' claims but elected to sue the Company along with 16 other third-party defendants claiming that if DASNY is liable to the students, these third-party defendants should indemnify DASNY. The Company was hired by the State University of New York to perform representative sampling for toxic chemicals but, according to its contract, was not responsible for decisions as to when students should reoccupy the buildings. Nevertheless, in June 1994, the Company and the 16 other third parties were served with a third-party complaint filed in the Ulster County Superior Court by DASNY. In January 1996, the trial judge ruled that the plaintiffs were not entitled to proceed as a class action for the medical cost claims, but were entitled class action status for personal property losses. Since the personal property losses resulted directly from the explosions and fire, and occurred prior to the Company's involvement, the Company does not believe that it will incur any material liability as a result of this lawsuit. The Company has not received notice that the plaintiffs will appeal the trial judge's ruling.
In the ordinary course of conducting its business, the Company becomes involved in environmentally related lawsuits and administrative proceedings. Some of these proceedings may result in fines, penalties or judgments against the Company. The Company does not believe that these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, are material to its business.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) As of December 31, 1995, the Company has been named in a number of lawsuits arising from the disposal of wastes by certain Company subsidiaries at 20 state and federal Superfund sites. Eleven of these cases involve two subsidiaries which the Company acquired from Chemical Waste Management, Inc. ("ChemWaste"). As part of the acquisition, ChemWaste agreed to indemnify the Company with respect to any liability of its Braintree and Natick subsidiaries for waste disposed of before the Company acquired them. Accordingly, ChemWaste is paying all costs of defending the Natick and Braintree subsidiaries in these 11 cases, including legal fees and settlement costs. Three cases involve Mr. Frank, Inc. and one case involves Connecticut Treatment Center ("CTC"). Southdown, Inc., from which the Company bought CTC, has agreed to indemnify the Company with respect to any liability for waste disposed of by CTC before the Company acquired CTC, and the sellers of Mr. Frank, Inc. agreed to a limited indemnity against certain environmental liabilities arising from prior ownership of Mr. Frank, Inc.
The remaining five pending cases involve subsidiaries which the Company acquired in January 1989, when it purchased all of the outstanding shares of ChemClear Inc., a publicly traded company ("ChemClear"). The Company is unable to predict accurately its potential liability with respect to these cases, but believes that any future settlement costs will not be material to the Company's operations or financial position.
Management routinely reviews each Superfund site in which the Company's subsidiaries are involved, considers each subsidiary's role at each site and its relationship to the other potentially responsible parties ("PRPs") at the site, the quantity and content of the waste it disposed of at the site, and the number and financial capabilities of the other PRPs at the site. Based on reviews of the various sites and currently available information, and management's judgment and prior experience with similar situations, expense accruals are provided by the Company for its share of future site cleanup costs, and existing accruals are revised as necessary. As of December 31, 1995, the Company had accrued environmental costs of $405,000 for cleanup of Superfund sites. Superfund legislation permits strict joint and several liability to be imposed without regard to fault and, as a result, one PRP might be required to bear significantly more than its proportional share of the cleanup costs if other PRPs do not pay their share of such costs.
(b) Environmental Matters
Under the RCRA, every facility that treats, stores or disposes of hazardous waste must obtain a RCRA permit from EPA or an authorized state agency and must comply with certain operating requirements. Of the Company's 12 waste management facilities, nine are subject to RCRA licensing. RCRA requires that permits contain a schedule of required on-site study and cleanup activities, known as "corrective action", including detailed compliance schedules and provisions for assurance of financial responsibility.
The EPA or applicable state agency have begun RCRA corrective action investigations at the Company's RCRA licensed facilities in Bristol, Connecticut; Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; Braintree, Massachusetts; Natick, Massachusetts, and Woburn, Massachusetts. The Company is also involved in site studies at its non-RCRA facilities in Cleveland, Ohio; Kingston, Massachusetts; and South Portland, Maine. The Company spent approximately $790,000 in 1995 and $471,000 in 1994 on corrective action at the foregoing facilities. Two RCRA facilities in Bristol, Connecticut and Cincinnati, Ohio were acquired from a subsidiary of Southdown, Inc. Southdown has agreed to indemnify the Company against any costs incurred or liability arising from contamination on-site arising from prior ownership, including the cost of corrective action.
While the final scope of the work to be done at these facilities has not yet been agreed upon, the Company believes, based upon information known to date about the nature and extent of contamination at these sites, that such costs will not have a material effect on its results of operations or its financial position, and that it will be able to finance from operating revenues any additional corrective action required at its facilities.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Costs incurred to obtain or renew required permits are capitalized to the related permit account as incurred and are amortized over the permit's remaining life. Costs incurred to remediate properties owned by the Company are capitalized in property, plant and equipment only if the costs extend the life, increase the capacity or improve the safety or efficiency of the property or the costs mitigate or prevent environmental contamination that has yet to occur and that otherwise may result from future operations or activities. Remediation costs incurred in excess of the fair market value of the property being remediated are expensed as incurred.
(c) Other Contingencies
The Company is subject to various regulatory requirements, including the procurement of requisite licenses and permits at its facilities. These licenses and permits are subject to periodic renewal without which the Company's operations would be adversely affected. The Company anticipates that, once a license or permit is issued with respect to a facility, the license or permit will be renewed at the end of its term if the facility's operations are in compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements.
Under the Company's insurance programs, coverage is obtained for catastrophic exposures, as well as those risks required to be insured by law or contract. It is the policy of the Company to retain a significant portion of certain expected losses related primarily to workers' compensation, physical loss to property, and comprehensive general and vehicle liability. Provisions for losses expected under these programs are recorded based upon the Company's estimates of the aggregate liability for claims.
(d) Other Commitments
In January 1995, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with ChemWaste to lease a site previously leased by ChemWaste which adjoins the Company's Chicago facility. During November 1995, the Company acquired their existing improvements in exchange for agreeing to share the costs of dismantling an existing hazardous waste incinerator and cleaning up the site. The improvements on the ChemWaste site will allow the Company to develop new product lines not currently handled at the Company's existing Chicago facility. Under the sharing arrangement with ChemWaste, the Company will manage the RCRA corrective action investigation at the site and could over a period of 15 years be required to contribute up to a maximum of $2,000,000 for dismantling and decontaminating the incinerator and other equipment and up to a maximum of $7,000,000 for studies and cleanup of the site. Any additional costs beyond those contemplated by the sharing arrangement during this time period would be borne by ChemWaste. In addition, ChemWaste is entitled to a maximum of $700,000 in credits for future Company services, the credits are to be utilized over a 5 year period.
(9) FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS
On May 25, 1989, the Company issued $30,000,000 of 13.25% Senior Subordinated Notes due May 15, 1997 and warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock for aggregate proceeds, before issuance costs, of $30,300,000. The notes matured at the rate of $7,500,000 per year commencing on May 15, 1994.
On August 4, 1994, the Company issued $50,000,000 of 12.50% Senior Notes due May 15, 2001 (the "Senior Notes"). The Company used the net proceeds to prepay the $22,500,000 outstanding principal amount of the 13.25% Senior Subordinated Notes, at par plus a prepayment premium of 4.417%; to prepay the $1,800,000 outstanding principal amount of a subordinated note to a financial institution; to prepay the $489,000 outstanding principal amount of two junior subordinated notes to the former owners of Mr. Frank, Inc.; and to reduce the balance under its $55,000,000 Revolving Credit Agreement with three banks (the "Revolver") by approximately $21,800,000.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) The Senior Notes are not collateralized. The Senior Note indenture does not provide for the maintenance of certain financial covenants, although it does limit, among other things, the issuance of additional debt by the Company or its subsidiaries and the payment of dividends on, and redemption of, capital stock of the Company and its subsidiaries. Interest is paid twice each year on the Senior Notes.
In connection with the sale of the Senior Notes, the Company amended the terms of two 8% subordinated convertible notes, in the amounts of $3,500,000 and $1,500,000, respectively. The two notes were collateralized by liens on certain Company assets, and are convertible into common stock at $15 and $10 per share, respectively. The holder of these two notes agreed to exchange such notes for new 10% Senior Convertible Notes, with less restrictive covenants than the prior notes. The new notes rank pari passu with the Senior Notes and have covenants identical to the Senior Note covenants. Principal of the two Senior Convertible Notes is payable in five equal installments of $1,000,000, which began on October 31, 1995 and end on October 31, 1999. The Company has the option to convert such notes into common stock at $25 per share.
On June 30, 1992, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Connecticut Treatment Corporation ("CTC"), a hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility located in Bristol, Connecticut, from SETS in exchange for $500,000 in cash and a promissory note in the amount of $1,883,000. The first principal installment on the note was $376,600, which was paid on June 30, 1993, with installments of $94,150 due at the end of each quarter thereafter, until the remaining balance is paid in full. The note bears interest at the corporate base rate announced by The First National Bank of Boston (the "Bank") (8.5% at December 31, 1995) plus 2%.
At December 31, 1994, the Company had a $35,000,000 revolving credit facility with three banks. In connection with the acquisition of the Kimball, Nebraska hazardous waste incineration facility in May 1995, the Company entered into a new $45,000,000 revolving credit and term loan agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with another financial institution, which replaced the bank credit facility. The Loan Agreement originally provided for a $35,000,000 revolving credit portion (the "Revolver") and a $10,000,000 term promissory note (the "Term Note"). On March 20, 1996, the Loan Agreement was amended to increase the Term Loan from its amortized balance of $8,333,000 to $15,000,000 and decrease the revolving credit portion to $30,000,000. This change in structure allows for greater availability under the Loan Agreement. The new Term Note is payable in 60 monthly installments, commencing April 1, 1996. Monthly principal payments are $250,000. The Revolver allows the Company to borrow up to $30,000,000 in cash and letters of credit. Letters of credit may not exceed $20,000,000 at any one time. The Revolver requires the Company to pay a line fee of one half of one percent on the unused portion of the line. The Revolver has a three-year term with an option to renew annually.
At December 31, 1995, the balance of the Term Note was $8,833,000, the Revolver balance was $12,553,000, and the letters of credit outstanding were $7,535,000.
The Loan Agreement allows for up to 80% of the outstanding balance of the combined Revolver and Term Note to bear interest at the Eurodollar rate plus three percent; the remaining balance bears interest at a rate equal to the "prime" rate plus one and one-half percent. The Loan Agreement is collateralized by substantially all of the Company's assets. The Loan Agreement provides for certain covenants including, among others, limitations on working capital and minimum adjusted net worth. The Company must also maintain borrowing availability of not less than $4,500,000 for sixty consecutive days prior to paying principal and interest on its other indebtedness and dividends in cash on its preferred stock. At December 31, 1995, the Company did not have the level of borrowing availability required in order to make principal and interest payments due within sixty days thereof, and it has obtained a waiver needed in order to make such payments.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) The following table is a summary of the Company's long-term debt obligations reflecting the transactions discussed above.
Below is a summary of minimum payments due under the Company's long-term obligations (in thousands), exclusive of obligations under capital leases discussed in Note 10:
(10) LEASES
(a) Capital Leases
The Company possesses certain equipment under capital leases. The capitalized cost of this equipment was $7,040,000 and $6,844,000 with related accumulated amortization of $6,180,186 and $5,387,000 at
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) December 31, 1995 and 1994, respectively. The obligations of the Company under such leases are collateralized by the leased equipment.
Future minimum lease payments under capital leases are as follows (in thousands):
(b) Operating Leases
The Company leases facilities and personal property under certain operating leases in excess of one year. Some of these lease agreements contain an escalation clause for increased taxes and operating expenses and are renewable at the option of the Company. Future minimum lease payments under operating leases are as follows (in thousands):
During the years 1995, 1994 and 1993 rent expense was approximately $14,120,000, $14,182,000, and $9,796,000, respectively. The Company has entered into an agreement to sublease its Bedford, Massachusetts facility. See Note 17 below.
(11) FEDERAL AND STATE INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):
SFAS 109 requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method,
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
The sources of significant timing differences which gave rise to deferred taxes were as follows (in thousands):
The effective income tax rate varies from the amount computed using the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
The components of the total deferred tax asset at December 31, 1995 and 1994 were as follows (in thousands):
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) The components of the total deferred tax liability at December 31, 1995 and 1994 were as follows (in thousands):
Realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income to offset the assets in the foreseeable future. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that a majority of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income are reduced.
For federal income tax purposes at December 31, 1995, as a result of the acquisition of ChemClear, the Company has regular tax net operating loss carryforwards of $3,333,000 and alternative minimum tax net operating loss carryforwards of $2,712,000, which may be used to offset future taxable income, if any, of the former ChemClear entities, subject to certain limitations. These net operating loss carryforwards expire commencing in 2002.
(12) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(a) Stock Option Plans
In 1987, the Company adopted a nonqualified stock option plan (the "1987 Plan"). In 1992, the Company adopted a nonqualified equity incentive plan which provides for a variety of incentive awards, including stock options (the "1992 Plan"). As of December 31, 1995, all awards under the 1992 Plan were in the form of nonqualified stock options. These options generally become exercisable after a period of one to five years from the date of grant, subject to certain employment requirements, and terminate ten years from the date of grant. At December 31, 1995, the Company had reserved 955,600 and 800,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 1987 and 1992 Plans, respectively.
Under the terms of the 1987 and 1992 Plans, as amended, options may be granted to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price less than the fair market value on the date of grant. The difference between the exercise price and fair market value at the date of grant is charged to operations ratably over the option vesting period. No options were granted during 1995, 1994 and 1993 with exercise prices lower than the fair market value of the common stock at the date of grant.
On October 10, 1994, the Board of Directors approved a plan whereby all employees (excluding senior management) who previously were awarded stock options at prices of $6.50 to $15.00 per share be given the opportunity to surrender those options in exchange for new options awarded at fair market value ($6.00 per share) with the same vesting period commencing upon the date of the award of their original option agreement.
On May 12, 1995, the Company's stockholders approved an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"), which is a qualified employee stock purchase plan under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, through which employees of the Company are given the opportunity to purchase shares of common stock. According to the ESPP, a total of one million shares of common stock has been reserved for offering to
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) employees over a period of five years, in quarterly offerings of 50,000 shares each plus any shares not issued in any previous quarter, commencing on July 1, 1995 and on the first day of each quarter thereafter through April 1, 2000. Employees who elect to participate in an offering may utilize up to 10% of their payroll for the purchase of common stock at 85% of the closing price of the stock on the first day of such quarterly offering or, if lower, 85% of the closing price on the last day of the offering. As of December 31, 1995, 59,000 shares of common stock had been purchased under the ESPP.
Below is a summary of the stock option activity under the 1987 and 1992 Plans through December 31, 1995:
(b) Warrants
In connection with the issuance of senior subordinated notes payable in May 1989, the Company issued warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock at $20.75 per share in exchange for $300,000. In April 1990, the exercise price of the warrants was reduced to $9 per share. In February 1991, in connection with the refinancing of the Company's short-term debt, the exercise price was further reduced to fair market value ($5 per share). These warrants are exercisable at any time until February 1, 2001.
In connection with the refinancing of the Company's short-term debt in February 1991, the Company issued warrants to purchase 425,000 shares of common stock at fair market value ($5 per share) to the three banks which provided the Revolver. These warrants are exercisable at any time until February 6, 2001.
(c) Preferred Stock
On February 16, 1993 the Company issued 112,000 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, $.01 par value ("Preferred Stock"), for the acquisition of Spring Grove. The liquidation value of each preferred share
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED) is the liquidation preference of $50 plus unpaid dividends. Preferred Stock may be converted by the holder into Common Stock at a conversion rate of $18.63. The Company has the option to redeem such Preferred Stock at liquidation value plus a redemption premium of 6%, if the redemption occurs on or before August 16, 1996; thereafter, the redemption premium declines 1% each year. Each preferred share entitles its holder to receive a cumulative annual cash dividend, which was $3.50 per share from February 16, 1993 to February 16, 1994 and $4.00 per share thereafter, or at the election of the Company, a common stock dividend of equivalent value.
Dividends on the Preferred Stock are payable on the 15th day of January, April, July and October, at the rate of $1.00 per share, per quarter. The Company elected to pay the October 15, 1995 dividend in common stock with a market value equal to the amount of the dividend payable. The market value of the common stock as of the October 1, 1995 record date of such dividend was $3.8375. Accordingly, on October 12, 1995 the Company issued 29,187 shares of common stock to the holders of the Preferred Stock. The Company anticipates that the Preferred Stock dividends payable through 1996 will be paid in common stock.
(13) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
The Company has a profit-sharing plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering substantially all employees. The plan allows employees to make contributions up to a specified percentage of their compensation, a portion of which is matched by the Company. During the years 1995, 1994 and 1993, the Company's nonelective contributions aggregated approximately $834,000, $825,000, and $743,000, respectively.
(14) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The Company leases certain facilities from a partnership of which the Company's principal stockholder is a limited partner. Under the terms of the lease, the Company agreed to make aggregate lease payments of $5,633,000 from the inception of the lease through June 1, 1996. In addition, the Company has an option to renew the lease for a five-year period. Total rent expense charged to operations was $703,000 during each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 1995. See Note 10 for further discussion of lease commitments. The Company has subleased a portion of these facilities to an unrelated third party.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONTINUED)
(15) QUARTERLY DATA (UNAUDITED)
- -------- (a) Reflects a one-time, charge of $4,247,000 in connection with the re- engineering of the Company's operations and the write-down of nonperforming assets as well as the sale of certain non-core properties. (b) Reflects a one-time, noncash charge of $1,035,000 for the write-off of leasehold improvements and machinery.
The above information reflects all adjustments that are necessary to fairly state the results of the interim periods presented. Any adjustments required are of a normal recurring nature.
(16) EXTRAORDINARY ITEM
As described in Note 9 above, during the third quarter of 1994, the Company completed a public offering of $50,000,000 of Senior Notes, and used the net proceeds to prepay substantially all of the Company's debt. The refinancing resulted in approximately $2,043,000 of expense relating to the early retirement of outstanding debt, and an extraordinary charge of $1,220,000 ($.13 per share), net of income tax benefit, for redemption premiums paid to the holders of the prepaid debt and for the write-off of deferred financing costs.
(17) NONRECURRING CHARGES
During the fourth quarter of 1995, the Company recorded a $4,247,000 nonrecurring charge in connection with the reengineering of the Company's operations and the write-off of a non-performing asset, as well as the anticipated losses on the sale of certain non-core properties. Under the reengineering program, the Company has closed or downsized small, satellite offices; reduced employment levels; downsized and relocated the laboratory to its waste handling facility in Braintree, Massachusetts; and will be relocating its corporate headquarters to a new location in Braintree, Massachusetts in the Spring of 1996. The components of the nonrecurring charge are as follows:
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS--(CONCLUDED)
During the fourth quarter of 1994, the Company renegotiated its lease on its corporate headquarters in Quincy, Massachusetts, such that the lease would terminate on or before December 31, 1995. The Company relocated its corporate headquarters to Braintree, Massachusetts in the spring of 1995. In addition, the Company has vacated laboratory space it rents in Bedford, Massachusetts, and is subleasing the space. As a result, the Company recorded a one-time, noncash charge of $1,035,000 before taxes for the write-off of leasehold improvements at the two locations.
SCHEDULE II
CLEAN HARBORS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
FOR THE THREE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995 (IN THOUSANDS)
- -------- (a) Amounts deemed uncollectible, net of recoveries.
ITEM 9.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None.
PART III
The information called for by Item 10

ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) Documents Filed as a Part of this Report
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or because the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits:
Exhibits to the Form 10-K have been included only with the copies of the Form 10-K filed with the Commission. Upon request to the Company and payment of a reasonable fee, copies of the individual exhibits will be furnished. The Company undertakes to furnish to the Commission upon request copies of instruments (in addition to the exhibits listed below) relating to the Company's long-term debt.
- -------- (1) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form S-1 Registration Statement (No. 33-17565).
(2) Incorporated by reference to the similarly numbered exhibit to the Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the Year 1992.
(3) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4A to the Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 1991.
(4) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Form S-2 Registration Statement (No. 33-54191).
(5) Incorporated by reference to the similarly numbered exhibit to the Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 1995.
(6) Incorporated by reference to the similarly numbered exhibit to the Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the Year 1993.
(7) Incorporated by reference to the similarly numbered exhibit to the Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the Year 1994.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K
No reports on Form 8-K were filed during the fourth quarter of 1995.
SIGNATURES
PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, THE REGISTRANT HAS DULY CAUSED THIS REPORT TO BE SIGNED ON ITS BEHALF BY THE UNDERSIGNED, THEREUNTO DULY AUTHORIZED, ON MARCH 28, 1996.
CLEAN HARBORS, INC.
By: /s/ Alan S. McKim --------------------------------- ALAN S. MCKIM CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, THIS REPORT HAS BEEN SIGNED BELOW BY THE FOLLOWING PERSONS ON BEHALF OF THE REGISTRANT AND IN THE CAPACITIES AND ON THE DATES INDICATED.
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
/s/ Alan S. McKim Chairman of the March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- Board of Directors, ALAN S. MCKIM President and Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Stephen H. Moynihan Vice President and March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- Treasurer STEPHEN H. MOYNIHAN (principal financial and accounting officer)
* Director March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- CHRISTY W. BELL
* Director March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- JOHN F. KASLOW
* Director March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- DANIEL J. MCCARTHY
* Director March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- JOHN T. PRESTON
* Director March 28, 1996 - ------------------------------------- LORNE R. WAXLAX
*By: /s/ Alan S. McKim --------------------------------- ALAN S. MCKIM ATTORNEY-IN-FACT